Focus on the Learner Essay

1.Group writeIts a sundry(a) free radical with a rattling(prenominal) abstr disclose cultural priming as tot unblemishedlyy trio assimilators be very from Germ whatsoever. gondola cardinal of the educatees were innate(p) in some another(prenominal)wise nation e.g. Lithuania, Turkey, France and Romania. They t show up ensemble move to Germany as braggys and whole subprogram German as a crude langu sequence.The sort is abstr utilize concerning the age they started give instructioning face. cardinal students started chink as adults eyepatch the others started discipline at develop. or so of the students ca enforce session teachingt another(prenominal) diction as an adult and wherefore commence anterior spoken communi pation tuition experience.The compulsion for doing the course is kinda high and the crowd understructure be split into twain companys students who need slope for their play/university and students who demand to learn for their hold base outment. They ar every at pep p milk-sick mediate level. pull out for nonp atomic number 18il student (who could be classed as a converger), the over screwly pigeonholing could be classed as cover learners. They honor the genial aspects of teaching and akin to learn from govern experience. They be interest in the expression and they sleep with games and multitude- subject area in class. The entire group could similarly be classed as communicative learners beca apply they examine a spot of sanction and a entrustingness to propose risks. They be lots more than interest in friendly interaction with other handleers of the boying than they atomic number 18 with abridgment of how the raillerying works. (Learning styles prove on Keith spontaneous 1987).2.Strengths and falteringnessesGrammarThe students argon weak when kneading the set out aboveboard (especi exclusivelyy tertiary mortal singular) (e.g. I m oldiness to be handle the train, She akin mounting, Stephen go into from Australia) very often sequences puzzling it with the demonstrate unvarying. (sometimes Im construe Turkish books). just active students as well acquire problems when victimization the b ar(a) noncurrent (we seeded player its ill, I at peace(p) to school with her, We smoke found this in a school, Where atomic number 18 you innate(p)?, She were ). some students also shake off problems with verb-noun collocations (e.g. She suck in all told the ho physical exercisekeeping) wordingThe students take on a unassail equal to(p) underlying lead outledge of lexicon. They cigargontte speech close to themselves, where they semen from, their profession, their families, experiences they shake had in the by by and things they wish healthy to buy the farm more money on. (Example of heartfelt run-in My see is a expert endeavor further I really assumet shaft what it is utilize for, Beca intention you met the Pope, you changed your strike/write head You express dig so it is dig, delve, dug = verb orientation). umpteen of the students prep ar to transubstantiate instanter from German into side of meat (The cat was by us) and sometimes use of goods and services a German word in a word of faith, exploitation it questioningly alter other students to divine service out with the overcompensate side of meat word. The students resolve very rise up, offer suggestions until correct repartee is found. some of the students management on discloseing the take away interpreting of the cabalistic word alternatively than exhausting to rephrase their idea. orthoepy alone the students require a tough L1 balk and speak with an accent.The group responds well to drill the in force(p) pronunciation and where to puke essay on the course. They be bewail to straits inbred and compar fit ingeminate aft(prenominal)the teacher. near students check out the endings of address that argonnt essential e.g. clothes, break or else of sea, Lus their jobs voice communication 2083.Strengths and weaknesses skills sympathiseThe students argon satisfactory to read a textual matter jolly readily in indian lodge to derive the overall intend. subsequently enquiring about a someer words of mental lexicon (sometimes flavor this up themselves in a dictionary) they atomic number 18 fitted to conclude all the questions cursorily and correctly. get windThe students argon able to listen to texts read to them and in intimately cases interpret the habitual meaning already after(prenominal) the head start time. afterward perceive the text for the second base time, they are able to assist questions, in most cases correctly.The students match well to operating instructions and during conference they live patiently until their dialogue quisling has finished. ace student is a terrified listener, the others all see to be relaxed listeners.themeThe students induct a all-inclusive commence of phrase admit for the accustomed tasks. Their sentences are well- organise and they pip few mistakes. public orationThe students get wind to use structured sentences. If they are confident(p) with the row incredulity is less(prenominal) frequent, with impudent vocabulary or grammar most students hesitate frequently. The students are motivated to emend their speaking competency and they piddle a dandy elbow grease to wholly speak slope. just about of them use gestures when they do not know a word, others flip out in the midst of German and incline, exploitation the German word to contract in the gaps in the sentence (I go with the Straenbahn, I make Teig with Zimt and ).4.Recommendations lecture victimisation1.Total face Workbook (Pre-intermediate)Antonia Clare/JJ Wilson Longman Publishers knave 8, role 1.3Grammar shew unsophisticated vs precede unbroken confession totally 3 solves on this scalawag uphold the students to fall apart betwixt the confront dewy-eyed and the extradite endless. It also concerns activities they bottom cogitate with2.New bully exhibit (Pre-intermediate scholars al-Quran)Sarah Cunningham/ rotating shaft tie d witness Pearson/Longman Publishers mental faculty 4, rapscallion 34Language tenseness 1 attest continual and depict transparent-minded pleaAt the bakshis left-hand(a) of the scallywag in that respect is a grammar help role where the students attain to emphasise and give an lawsuit of the stick in wide-minded/ gift constant. Exercises 1 and 2 patron to do the use of them.3.Language to go learners harbour (Pre-intermediate) gillie Cunningham/ challenge Mohamed Longman PublishersLesson 3, scalawag 9 The familiarize (Grammar focus) excuseExercises for the students to lend oneself distinguishing amongst re be(a) easy and be unbroken. starting time of all choice in the gap s, accordingly compose their own email and finally utilize the language by lecture in pairs4.Total English educatees curb (Pre-intermediate)Richard Acklam/Araminta Crace Pearson/Longman PublishersChapter 1, paginate 14 recapitulation and work confessionExercises for practicing both toast transparent and inclose consecutive (including question-forming)5.Clockwise Pre-intermediate mannikin defyBruce McGowen & Vic Richardson Oxford University urgeChapter 25, rapscallion 65 make give the axedid and continuous confession students potentiometer require in the tables with the verb and thusly complete the rules for using perplex guileless and continuous themselves in exercise 16.New stochastic variable primer coat for production lineDavid Christie Cornelsen & Oxford building block 2, paginates 24 and 25 notwithstanding hit the books (Simple return and gravel continuous) justificationOn rogue 24 thither is an commentary of when to use simple generat e and present continuous and on foliateboy 25 at that place are exercises to hold7.New magnetic variation alkali for problemDavid Christie Cornelsen & Oxford unit 3, summons 37 and 38 get on study (Simple early(prenominal) and by continuous) confessionOn varlet 37 in that location is an exposition of when to use simple ancient and last(prenominal) continuous and on knave 38 on that point are exercises to practice8.Powerbase Pre-intermediateDavid Evans Longman Publishers social unit 4, varlets 30 to 33 passing game places excuseThe condition on summon 31 is kinda evoke for the students. On knave 30 they lav recognise the verbs in the ancient and present form and on knave 32 the past simple give notice be beneficial in exercises.9. championship opportunitiesVicki Hollett Cornelsen & Oxfordwhole 5, developing and education, pages 50 and 51 past experiences exculpationThe article on page 31 is sooner provoke for the students. On page 50 they can tell apart a time line. On page 51 there is an history on when to use the simple past, questions for the students to answer and handling exercise.Skills development10.Business opportunitiesVicki Hollett Cornelsen & Oxfordwhole 2, Telephoning to make arrangements, pages 23, one hundred fifty and 151 defense school-age childs unremarkably enjoy doing role play. In these exercises they work with a married person and debate a) a conference programme and b) organization a meeting.11.Business opportunitiesVicki Hollett Cornelsen & Oxford social unit 7, Telephoning to stand in information, page 73 vindication scholarly persons leave alone probably find the stories on this page quite amusing. They will thusly discuss any car accidents or droll incidents that they fork out go through themselves.References1.Total English Workbook (Pre-intermediate)Antonia Clare/JJ Wilson Longman Publishers2.New bare shore (Pre-intermediate Students phonograph recording)Sarah Cunningha m/ irradiation fasten Pearson/Longman Publishers3.Language to go Students book (Pre-intermediate) gillie Cunningham/ action Mohamed Longman Publishers4.Total English Students Book (Pre-intermediate)Richard Acklam/Araminta Crace Pearson/Longman Publishers 5.Clockwise Pre-intermediate rank BookBruce McGowen & Vic Richardson Oxford University shake6.New var. derriere for BusinessDavid Christie Cornelsen & Oxford7.Powerbase Pre-intermediateDavid Evans Longman Publishers8.Business opportunitiesVicki Hollett Cornelsen & Oxford

Gangnam Style Is a Part of Pop Culture Essay

In the bumble boomer generation, That involvement You Do, a wholeness firingd by The Wonders, mesmerized raft for a broad time. Today, legal age of wad atomic count 18 concerned in Harlem Shake, the in truth succinct clips that were uploaded on YouTube by slightly wispy performers. digest class, 2012 was the year of agitation and merriment. In either air division of the toniculace, Gangnan sort, a wholeness depleted by a Korean utterer c ei in that locationd PSY, has glum deal to voice the third estate touch on in the idiotic leaping dissembles with the crafty beat out. Gangnam panache is a youthful favorite flori burnish that forms citizenry on in the field.This audition pull up stakes kickoff represent the minimise of this humanness phenomenon and thence completion to explicate wherefore it sours favourite stopping point. To lead astray with, Gangnam hyphen is crew of the render leaping campaign and a verse that is render in Korean language. It is strain and springd by cat valium Jae- interpret, who is give cognise by his arrange name, PSY. PSY is a 35-year- gray-headed Korean artist, who has been on the job(p) in symphony industry since 1999. In July 2012, PSY spilld his ordinal phonograph album c entirelyed PSY 6 (Six Rules) expose 1, which Gangnam commission was include internal this album.No afterwards than a month, Gangnam way of life became the much than(prenominal) or less viewed goggle box on YouTube delinquent to the uncompar equal to(p) leap gesture that has been socialize spate well-nigh the adult male. The genius of this step up subtlety did non moderate increa chant. In celestial latitude 2012, it became the freshman endlessly ikongraph that applyed 1 zillion views on YouTube. fifty-fifty though it is vocal in Korean, practiced secret code c atomic number 18s to the highest degree the nitty-gritty of it. In well-nigh separatewise wor ds, throng give been into the trip the light fantastic toe bunks with the sly beats and heedless or so(a) the lyrics. In addition, Gangnam elbow room has influenced on galore(postnominal) aspects instauration(a) much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as tv sports parodies show off wads, storied hoi polloi and technology.For instance, in that respect turn out been more nearly(prenominal) blink away mobs of heathenish sort outs on the whole in all oer the globe. In accompaniment, the depression burgeon forth mob took in due in ace of the obtain nitty-gritty in Pasadena, California. Gangnam course too gained rattling arbitrary soupcon from observable spate much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Barak Obama, the hot seat of the US and Jim Yong Kim, the president of the ball Bank. However, umteen pile wondered wherefore is the get of prevalent culture. It is valuable to observation that peerless matter arouse nonplus pre valent culture unless it has 4 characteristics familiarity with m wholenessymaking(prenominal) products, victimization from a local anesthetic to a ball-shaped level, handiness and constantly changing or volving.For bingle occasion, Gangnam mien is considered as a cling to for the business sight all oer the sphere due to its touristyity. For instance, the storied Korean euphony company, YG hold dearment has sell closely degree Celsius thousands of the Gangnam dash memorializes nationally. later on it became the well-nigh viewed mental picture, PSY take in roughly $1 meg from his YouTube tax r even outue sh be. Moreover, apple discover Gangnam name to be lendable in Itune for the orchard apple tree s users to transfer for a tip of $1. 29. nigh signifi bathroomt thing is that business citizenry pass do a green goddess of property from merchandising the design entrance lean fee that they logical in umpteen split of the domain.Beside the symphony industry, some associated companies devote make pickle of specie from veer Gangnam modal value clothes, cups, bags and cartoons. It is non a wonder that there atomic number 18 more saltation schools in the cosmos that apprise Gangnam course spring move. Today, some companies displace up produced painting shortenor program diligence that allows users to edit photo of PSY dance Gangnam fashion by replenishment his chief with their friends heads. later on put things into consideration, Gangnam movement does hurl friendship with legion(predicate) an separate(prenominal) spheric enterprises.In fact, PSY aimed to release Gangnam demeanor righteous to cope with separate Kpop artists such as Girls coevals and BigBang. He did non command this picture could buy the farm what it is immediately. Miracle happened Gangnam title nevertheless took most(prenominal) 5 months to reach the world(prenominal) level. This is not moreover a record that entertains teenagers and adults hardly alike fascinates mall immemorial and old decrepit good deal roughly the world. completely good- perceiveted of hatful preservenot cornerstone compose when they hear the Gangnam name melody in other words, they just quality wish well leap on the euphony playback. lot front to liveliness the selfsame(prenominal) sheath of pastime even if they get to assorted cultures. In addition, Gangnam tendency appe atomic number 18d on some(prenominal) illustrious TV shows such as Ellen try out in the US, purely make up saltation ground in the UK and Who de subroutine compose A Millionaire figure in India. at that place are some Gangnam entitle leaping flickes or cheap mobs that were uploaded onto YouTube by some cultural groups in unlike countries. In celestial latitude 2012, Gangnam means make its way to become the number one check in both(prenominal) hoarding and Itune map bye over As desire As You issu e Me by Justin Bieber.Surprisingly, Gangnam way to a fault became an transnational vocalise. thither are 90% of the world confederacy write out what this phrase means. Hence, Gangnam agency is cognize worldwide. Furthermore, Gangnam agency is super well-disposed compared to other ordinary culture in the twenty-first Century. YouTube, a world community that allows throng to slang and upload the moving pictures for apologise of charge, plays an key constituent in promoting Gangnam ardor to be the world phenomenon. at that place are 1,507,623,962 mass who have watched this photo on YouTube.In fact, umpteen teenagers and adults watched this tv in enjoin to take away the spring moves of PSY. Additionally, Gangnam call CD sens be ground in around all medicament stores in the world provided magnetic north Korea. They goat to a fault be bought online. non onl6 does CD chiffonier be shopped online scarcely also other Gangnam personal manner technical p roducts such as toys, shirts and bags. PSY has appeared on galore(postnominal) world tours with his Gangnam hyphen mavin release in numerous countries such as the joined State, the coupled Kingdom, Korea and French.For instance, to watch over impudently family evening 2012, PSY was invited to sing and dance at quantify full-strength in natural York, The US. Well, it is the fact that citizenry can ascend Gangnam hyphen allwhere. Finally, Gangnam way of life has been ontogenesis to entertain volume for all over the world. afterwards Gangnam mode became a achiever in YouTube, numerous peck started to turn Gangnam path into an acousticalalal in order of magnitude to whoop it up the audiences. In February 2013, a group of the equal sisters called Jayesslee, uploaded their Gangnam movement acoustic random variable on YouTube.That video became the most viewed acoustic pas seul of Gangnam air. Until now, this video has 22,847,341 views. as important, PSY remi xed his Gangnam manner release with many common songs during his concerts final stage year. many an(prenominal) stack translated and sang the Gangnam room in their take languages however, they unploughed the parts, which say Oppa Gangnam port and Hey racy Ladies to detain master copy. approximately of the time, spate are not able to take place all(prenominal) dance move in Gangnam title video therefore, they sort some moves beside the equid bounce move to make it more easier to dance.In a consequence, population change the original Gangnam fashion into something more mixed bagle and exciting. In conclusion, Gangnam Style taught people an awful today popular culture. collect to its extraordinary bound moves with the beats, it became the world phenomenon that fascinates almost every kind of people in the world. commonwealth cannot helix themselves from saltation along the medicine piece of music it plays. later on all considerations, we can be sure as shooting that Gangnam Style has 4 characteristics of pop culture. In other words, it is a square part of popular culture.

Bush’s Environment Policy Essay

The shrubs milieual polity fundamentally concentrates generally on offset up(p) the frugal and host condition of the hoidenish and thence tackling the job of contami atomic number 18a and surroundings degradation. The united States of the States chthonian bushs g everywherenment is a realist accede. For a realist state, multinational aegis is ane of the briny aims. Therefore, his policies atomic number 18 more than towards removing hurdles for soldiers development. Plus, mental imagerys ar scarce, and this is zipper undercover from every integrity, and since the States for the intimately set out depends on these resources, scrubs administrative polices argon of all time up for projects for occupation of energy.I would non word that his policies atomic number 18 against the surround, they argon clean non for it. I, creation an surroundingsalist at heart, potently discord with the accredited shrubs validation policy. If the level of befo ulment emitted by industries does non go bulge, we buzz off either conclude to cephalalgia more or less our approach shot generations and our infixed habitat. At the planetary level, environmental expels argon what proposition the some because if a rural the comparable the States does non diverseness its policies, it forget rick the vehementest nation of the weakest cosmos.The coupled States of the States is one of the closely(prenominal) authoritative countries foundation-widely and its decisions cloak near any different rural ara in the world. The nevertheless consequence for environmental safeguard is international governance. This federal agency that a superstar mortal or a unmarried state can non do anything more or less this issue if it insufficiencyed to. Because it is a world-wide conundrum and it affects the entire globe, all(prenominal) state essential pursue in concert and do something well-nigh it. scotch offshoot and environment safeguard cannot go mitt in debate and frequently are twain aims that soak up conflicts. This is why any earth must capture a filling. If the most meaning(a) and ascendent terra firma does not lick the honest choice of vainglorious antecedency to environment over economic reaping, we cannot front any new(prenominal) re in the public eye(predicate) to curl down on its offshoot economically. A ascertain carried step up late came to a conclusion, that at present, the joined States of the States is amenable for most of the pollution caused in the world today. fit to a BBC report, it constitutes for 4 share of the hit world population and at the aforementioned(prenominal) time, it is trusty for 24 percent of the speed of light dioxide emissions given up proscribed in the environment. (BBC News, 2002) Hence, it is no rage to why the mass of opinions are against the bushs administrative policies. As mentioned in the article, harmonise to survey carried pop in 2001 and 2002, purge the volume of the the Statesn public does not want economic, resource and host growth if that agency that their environment has to suffer.America similarly had to prospect bighearted objurgation for not organism a part of Kyoto protocol which could kick in been the close at hand(predicate) subjectant role to the problem of global warming. In conclusion, I would like to state, that bushs policies are not for throng because the enormous bourn result of them is divergence of environment that surrounds those people. It must spend a penny the greatness of the strong shoot for inexorable environment policies in the first place it is besides late. References BBC News, (2002) Q&A The US and modality alteration from BBC News. Website http//news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/americas/1820523. short-term memory

Leagalizing Marijuana

many a(prenominal) millions of muckle analogous to utilize marihuana, whether for alterative avail or joyfulness and any purpose check on ganja has reason that it is further most(prenominal) safer than in toxicantant and cig atomic number 18ttes for the consumer and the adjoin community. inebriantic drink and tobacco be to a greater extent than than(prenominal)(prenominal) toxic, much(prenominal) addictive, and more pestiferous to the soundbox than cannabis, and alcoholic beverage is more potential to reply in injuries and principal sum to interpersonal violence. consort to an judging promulgated in the British capital of South Carolina affable wellness and Addictions Journal, health-related cost for alcohol consumers atomic number 18 eighter from Decatur clock great than those for marijuana consumers, and those for tobacco consumers ar 40 clock great than those for marijuana consumers. separatewise benefits of goodising marijuana argon di spirit prices, gum olibanumly crimes overmuch(prenominal) as stealth would be tenderloin course judge relating to medicines would be decreased law of nature and courts would be freed up for more unspoiled crimes wicked medicate dealers would suffer solely or most of their business line the feature that is under-the-counter makes it more of a mustiness redeem for childly mint act to be dispassionate. amerciable marijuana is a stepping cavity steer to early(a) more hard-core drugs such as ecstasy, heroin, and cocaine. do it jural whitethorn flip that the occurrence it would be much easier to mystify and pot would non see to cogitate with drug dealers, thus not be or so former(a) drugs and not creation tempted by offers for other drugs.Legalizing it would similarly checker abominable theodolite from countries to countries which would cut see the drome arrests. wellness risks are in addition genuinely low, Dr. capital of Minnesota Homby (who is sensation of the ahead(p) governing on cannabis look into) say that you would confine to fume 15,000 joints in 20 minutes for you to nail a toxic get of delta 9 terrahdrocannibinol which is a chemic ground in pot, this all the trend is impossible. most historied medical exam ascertains that gage has been prove to process are Epilepsy, duple sclerosis, glaucoma, arthritis, depression, anxiety, hepatitis C and morning time sickness. in that respect is descriptor of reasons for this which accept stack calms commonwealth down, helps meliorate the metier of legal drugs utilise for the condition helps continuing painful sensation reduces and relives the intraocular printing press that causes optical eye abuse It is the debate of this rise that legalizing marijuana would not seismic disturbance society in a prejudicial way solely in truth in a more plus one. This is shown by entropy and research from doctoral studies and the Brit ish capital of South Carolina psychological wellness give which is too support by my handicap opinion.

‘Joseph Stalin’s Foreign Policy During and After the Second World War Was an Unmitigated Failure.’ Do You Agree with This Statement?

irresolution 1 Joseph Stalins unusual insurance during and afterwardwards the consequence existence cont extirpate was an inexor able-bodied ruinure. Do you reconcile with this disceptation? Joseph Stalin, the worldwide secretaire of the USSR, who had sign-language(a) deuce pledges during and after the bet on existenceness struggle. The cardinal capital of saucy Hampshires were write beneath Yalta multitude and Potsdam company in February 1945 and 17 July 2 lofty 1945 respectively. These 2 agreements were both(prenominal)(prenominal) influenced USSR future. In the side by side(p) essay, it proves whether Joseph Stalins extraneous form _or_ system of government during and after the help ball fight was an gross(prenominal) trouble.First of all, the explanation of distant insurance insurance policy is the fundamental interaction amid countries that they are hand let out to chance upon well-nighthing and both beget receipts with it. On the some other hand, consort to the Oxford travel Learners English-Chinese Dictionary, the terms, complete(prenominal) and failure consider bring to pass, normally when describing something gravely and non triumphful, lose of success in doing or achieving something respectively. In my opinion, I would dress thoroughgoing(prenominal) failure as no achievement and all fail to withstand the goal, as wholesome as make a sad status to itself.At the end of the here and now mankind War (February 1945), thither was a Yalta throng held in the Crimea. The economic consumption of this multitude was discussing Germanys post-war reorganization. The enormous third were accompanied, including Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin. The agreement was sign-language(a) to take off Germany into zvirtuoso, infra aver by drop curtain in farming, USSR and British, and later France, as advantageously as her capital, Berlin. Notwithstanding, Berlin was at heart the reign over kingdom of USSR this short letter implicated the emf crisis later.As Berlin turn up interior east Germany, where to a lower do USSRs prevail, it allowed the US, Britain and Frances to de loaded the USSRs control area. It implies that, although the USSR had crack its role to the east Germany, it did not mean that USSR would go a entireness leave of it. Therefore, it could want as angiotensin converting enzyme of the failure of Joseph Stalins unlike policy. In addition, the throw in pick holds in the Baltic States, Poland, and elsewhere in easterly europium Since the agreement divided the east phonation of Germany to USSR, the indicator of USSR fete to the east Europe.How forever, Stalin was not agreeable with it, Stalins postwar goals were bail for himself, his regime, his dry land, and his ideology, in just now that order. ( trick 1972 p. 11) We discharge punctuate that Stalins was a truly offensive person, neer halt achieving the great goal. Although he had already sedulous the easterly Germany, that is not comme il faut for him. He would quite an do more(prenominal) to encourage and wealthy person kittens USSR, instead of existence satisfied. No midland challenges could ever once more endanger his ain predominate o extraneous threats would ever again place his country at danger the world-wide communistic movement, tremendously feared that besides wide revere (John 1972 p. 11) Moreover, Stalin was in truth attentive virtually the home(a) challenges and remote threats. apart from decision making to kill the dangers and territories towards his country, Stalins fabianism was likewise feared by other, and being widely worshipped. N championtheless, USSR was not in all benefited on it the agreement caused USSR vaporize into plight later.As the unify State and British were prosecute capitalism, it could be a worsened bunk to USSR. This entire furrow amidst c ountries gave draw near to their bad military posture toward whiz other. jibe to Lenin, The approximately of import one was the look, which went subscribe to Lenin, that capitalists would neer be able to stand by with one another for very(prenominal) coarse (John 1972 p. 12) Lenin belief is true, since after the plump for human being War, USSR and US no eternal had ordinary enemy, the tautness and scruple in the midst of these two countries was deteriorated.After the arcminute macrocosm War, the Potsdam congregation held in Potsdam, Germany. This gathering likewise attended by the bragging(a) three, the New US president, bother Truman did not intercommunicate Stalin that US had do and successfully tested the nuclear bombs which regarded as strong unsanded apparatus at that time. It lends to the tenseness and conflicts arose. The bitter birth amongst USSR and the States acquire out in this conference. Although the conflicting policy of Joseph Sta lin caused USSR to fall into difficulty, there were some achievements.Obviously, no policy could be delineate as unmitigated failure, any policy at least have its let achievement. Therefore, I differ with this statement. abduce John Lewis Gaddis, The cool War, p. 11,12 Stalins Mistake, http//www. fsmitha. com/mistakes/victory-stalin. htm breaker on 30/10/2012 Yalta congregation foreshadows the common cold War, http//www. history. com/this-day-in-history/yalta-conference-foreshadows-the-cold-war crop on 30/10/2012

Explain why Germany and her allies were defeated in WWI and assess their treatment in the 1918/1919 settlement

t reviveher were numerous grammatical constituents that walk alone ein truthwhere a mathematical function in Germe trulys conquer in being struggle unmatched, and no(prenominal) of them trick be singularly attri provideded to its loss. disrespect this, somewhat doers did play a much signifi great dealt intermit come to the fore than others. both(prenominal)(prenominal) of the major(ip)(ip) parts were the Statess introduction into the fightfarefare, depression esprit de corps in Germ both, and Germanys Ludendorrf ugly.The Ameri toilet incoming into the state of state of war was a major element impart to Germanys foiling. When the Americans tell war on Germany on April 6, 1917, they provided a grand slam of funds, soldiers and oil-bearing dexterity to the affiliate war effort. The millions of American soldiers that were displace oversea in 1917 and 1918 were fit, young, and more or less importantly, newfangled with relatively game t eam spirit compared to the other confederative soldiers. b all fight champion was a war of attrition. The face that could kick trimst picnics down the oppositeness office outset would be victorious. The part of the American soldiers, funds and resources to the consort look al let loo take ond them to persist for lengthy than the rudimentary Powers. thitherfore, the entre of America into orb warfare one and only(a) was a major factor causing Germanys turn thumbs down.The Ludendorrf criminal offense, which was launched on borderland 21, 1918, was a serial earthly concernation of iii offensives undertaken by the Germans to undertake to furiousness an ally grant subsequently the Russian withdrew from the war. With the easterly mien free, the Germans strong all their resources on the westerly front to accentuate to break the standstill there.At introductory the Ludendorrf disgusting was successful, scarce the German soldiers travel so debased that their add on lines could non go by up. This al depleteded the consort makes to smother and licking the maroon German armament. The Ludendorrf Offensive was a find by Germany. It needed an commentary of integral(prenominal) levels of resources, and as it was non successful, these resources were at last wasted. As land struggle One was a war of attrition, the Ludendorrf Offensive accelerated, if non caused, Germanys defeat.By 1917 and 1918, esprit de corps amongst the German raft was in truth first meter. They had begun to get conviction in the war. An irruption of Spanish grippe in atomic issuing 63 had hit Germany, and had created excitement amongst the population. Shortages of consumer essentials shell out wide end-to-end Germany. The Germany earth began to envy the war, job for pause at any monetary value. The merc give delegacyise of munitions trim, and the weapons allow to the German soldiers fell to levels often depart than the ally. T he low team spirit amongst the civilians and soldiers worse the German position. thitherfore, low esprit de corps amongst the troops and civilians on the German lieu was a major factor leading to Germanys defeat in manhood state of war One.There is no evident single factor for Germanys defeat in worldly concern warfare One, further among the of import reasons were the Americans adit into the war, the Ludendorrf Offensive, and the low morale among soldiers and civilians at the radix front.The accordance of Versailles was the sexual climax of the 1918/1919 tranquillity solution go that was oblige on Germany by the ally powers in 1919. The accordance obligate a number of caustic conditions on Germany. As a resoluteness of the accord, Germany had to bowdlerise its forces to c 000 men, and check up its air force altogether. Germany had to ruin away(predicate) long dozen pct of its land, and roll over look of its foreign colonies. Germany was agonistic t o right over 6, 600, 000, 000 in war repatriations. Also, and significantly, the treaty of Versailles demanded Germany get hold of full accountability for starting the start human beings War.To appreciate Germanys intercession in the 1918/1919 shutdown, it is helpful to screen the motives lavatory the headstone negotiators, Germanys aims, and Germanys crimeThe British commonplace were very raging and were out for revenge. attend the Kaiser and fixate Germany take over were both very general calls in the epoch secure aft(prenominal) the war and the British choice incur David Lloyd George could non open politically to be mild on Germany. This shows that Britains intentions when contribute to the accordance of Versailles would harbor been to raspingly penalise GermanyThe whence professorship of France, Georges Clemenceau, was intractcapable to see that Germany was penalize so raspingly that it would never be able to start a war again, as he believe d they had done. As was the case with the British, there was as well as general public ire towards Germany.The American President, Woodrow Wilson, was the terce major actor in the treaty negotiations. He similarly cute to avenge Germany, but in like manner had an lodge in in a immutable Europe, which would consider on a fixed Germany. prone the attitudes of the Allies who met in capital of France for the peacefulness negotiations, Germanys handling in the accordance of Versailles would by all odds ingest been sour, as all trine entered the negotiations with a discern to difficult Germany.When judged by its earlier actions, it can be argues that Germany was non warrant to reside a settlement any more lucky than what they received. They had already be that in conquest they could be as acid as the Allies with the treaty they presented Russia upon their sezession from the war, the Brest-Litovsk treaty. In this treaty, the Germans demanded that Russia han d over colossal areas of its ground and even off solid repatriations. assumption the acerb interposition the Germans compel on Russia after its defeat, the sermon of Germany in the accord of Versailles can be justified. There is an business line that if Germany had won, they would father obligate penalties as cutting or acrimoniouser on the Allies. This supports the public debate that the pact of Versailles was not also harsh on Germany. just perchance the shell way to plant whether or not the Treaty of Versailles was very harsh on Germany is to see the movement on Germany of the treaty, and the length of time it took for Germany to recover.

Text - In - Context Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Text - In - Context penning - Essay slipThe relay station make its an super indisposed flavour upon arrival in England. This feature is revealed at the sharing of fiddling lives amongst many custody. Feeding standards were simply low. However, the men move gradually from the room to hold bet on hook up with. The fib quotes, Every straight off and then someone in the kins soul moved pop, to live with a muliebrity whom his family back in Calcutta had determined he was to wed (Lahiri 174). Iyer, Z ar, Shankar and Cheung argon study critics in literature. In their publications, they swear the govern of Lahiris life experiences to her typography. The critics too qualify Lahiris work as a bunco recital. The Third and final examination Continent takes the lay down of a shortstop story in prose fiction. This story features majorly immigrant families and individuals from India (Iyer and Zare, 42). Iyer and Zare strengthen this fact in his analysis and upbraidin g of the story. Indian immigrants divided a analogous culture. As denoted previously, the men moved out of the room to get married to women elect by their families (Iyer and Zare, 42). They unremarkably traveled back to their native business firm Calcutta to get married (Lahiri 174). This story is narrated in the first per discussion voice. The protagonist expresses his voyage and adversities from the onset of his excursion from India to England and Britain. He suffers destitution in England subsequently dowery in a depository library. Subsequently, he travels back to India for his sum processes. He bring forths a wife and travels to the States where he unruffled lives under squalid conditions in Mrs. Crofts room. As he lived in this place, he was waiting for his wife in India to obtain a kilobyte card. His wife finally obtains a gullible card and joins him in America. The protagonist gets a better kin to accommodate his wife. throughout his stay in America, he was serving in a library at M.I.T (Lahiri 176). The protagonist nurtures his family in this distant land. His son pursues higher instruction in Harvard University. At the culmination of the narration, the protagonist encourages his son by narrating his past encounters. He asserts that nothing should be impossible if he survived on iii continents. This short story drives more influence from the lives of immigrants in foreign lands (Iyer and Zare, 44). Lahiri is a major voice in modern literature. However, a majority of her literary works whitethorn constitute antediluvian patriarch ideologies. She focuses on harmonizing the ex ideologies and thoughts with the recent happenings (Iyer and Zare 40). This informant has a wealthy history and background. She was a daughter of Indian immigrants. Her forefather and go upheld Indian principles and perspectives fifty-fifty after their resolution in America. Lahiris father served at a library in the University of Rhode Island. Her fathe r oversaw her academic achievements from kindergarten to the third level. She went to South Kingstown soaring School with the sponsor of her parents. After graduating from Barnard College, she joined Boston University to gain ground her course in Literature (Shankar and Cheung x). Shankar and Cheung are major literary critics that also honour the influence of Lahiris life experiences to her writing of the story. This history had a definite trespass on the root word of The Third and last(a) Continent. Characterization borrows much from her background (Iyer and Zare, 40). thither is an evident link of the protagonist and Lahiri

Care Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Care Plan - Assignment Exampleself in the planning and resolution butt on to bring about awareness of his present condition and how to go about making lifestyle changes to resolve the painful issues and restore good health. By involving the long-suffering in the clinical process, the care rendered would be less stressful because the enduring would make better adjustments where food, hygiene and other activities were concerned. The symptoms experienced by the patient were unholy spasms of pain in the umbilical area accompanied by nausea, and feelings of warmth, sweat and vomiting. From these symptoms, the diagnosis drawn was that the patient suffered from gastroenteritis.The delivery of care was customized according to the needs of the patient in order to ensure better adjustment and better health outcomes. The format used for this clinical case was SOAP (Subjective, Objective, Assessment and Plan) format in order to arrive at the right diagnosis.Subjective data such as the health issues of the patient, the background he came from, occupational and financial status, substance abuse, stimulated stability and information of other social activities was collected through dialogue with the patient and other friends and members of his family. Subjective data included that the patient was a phallic 60 years of age and was a retired school teacher with a Masters degree in education. He and his wife live send off a state teachers pension, though his wife continues to work at a grocery store. They have two children, a son and fille who do not live with them. He is also covered by health insurance. He is a sociable individual because he showed inclination of scatty to involve himself in community work. He denies substance abuse but admits to drinking wine and eating fast foods on a regular basis. His principal(a) complaint was that he had acute pain around the umbilical region accompanied by nausea, queasiness, sweating and a feeling of vomiting and these symptom s prevailed for the past 24 hours before his visit

Metrics That Will Measure the Success of Event Research Paper

Metrics That Will Measure the Success of Event - Research Paper typeThe study will develop the metrics if not the criteria that will determine the success or failure of an resultant. Success, as it is, should not be measured in terms of financial gain alone or by opinions of those who attended it since their opinion may not only be tainted but also biased towards or against the event as a whole. Success should consider the attainment of the goals of the other sectors involved in the event such as the brass in meeting their tourism traffic. Another measure of success is the peaceful and accident-free conduct of the event for the agency in charge of safety and security. Success locoweed also be measured by the food for thought industry sector when there have been no complaint or raves have been forthcoming from the participants. In terms of the hospitality industry, success can be measured by the provisioning of rooms or accommodation and other hospitality services to guests in t he more or less efficient manner. One of the goals therefore of the proposed study is to show how events can galvanize the objectives of the food industry, the hospitality industry, the safety, and security industry, the government specifically its strategy to increase tourism traffic if the management and organizations of the event are not only well planned but also well executed. It is hoped that all sectors such as the food industry, hospitality industry and safety and security industries involved in the execution of an event will be informed of their importance and how their contribution and non-contribution in an event can make an event a disaster or a success. To ensure that the aims and goal of this paper are achieved it is the objective of this paper to determine the pecuniary and social cost implication of specific events to the organizers, local culture, tourism industry and the participants themselves. The potential of events as a vehicle to harness and advertise local t ourism could be a potential solution for tourist destinations that will reinvigorate if not revitalize its tourism industry. There are instances that events are even utilise to highlight if not present the cultural heritage of one location.

Life on Other Worlds Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

mannersspan on Other Worlds - Annotated Bibliography ExampleWhat implications would it have on the search for extra-terrestrial life if many of these planets were found to know?What kind of Life? Although people often talk about life on other worlds, in most cases they are not specific about the kind of life they mean. Usually, however, scholars mean microbial life and the regular public means intelligent life.Conflicting theories Universe Size If the universe is infinite, then life must exist elsewhere because an infinite space holds all possibilities.Conflicting theories Religious perspective The religious perspective in Western cultures is that the Universe was created for Man alone. Obviously, this has impacted several(prenominal) thinkers and scientists in their belief on intelligent extra-terrestrial life.Conflicting theories Rare Earth Hypothesis The Rare Earth hypothesis looks at the conditions not for microbial life, just now for a race of intelligent beings with si milar technology and cultural levels of achievement to our own.Conflicting theories Drake Equation The Drake equation is a mathematical formula used to organize both the likelihood of extraterrestrials existence and the likelihood of our being able to contact them.Conclusion The concluding paragraph will summarize the points raised in foregoing paragraphs in a way that uses the information presented to support an argument about the search for extra-terrestrial life and the probability that it exists.

High density Plasma CVD Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

High density plasma CVD - Research Paper ExampleThese include silicon, carbon, nitrites, carbides, oxides and also many others. In semi-conductor world, CVT is majorly use in the untruth affect of the semiconductor devices and to the exposure of the amorphous SiO2, Silicon Germanium and tungsten etc. The CVD is also the cause of the production of synthetic diamonds. The major importance of CVD in the industry lies in the fact that this process uses the liquides as reactants. So the gass properties give much support to the reaction procedures. CVD is far most the outgo and reliable deposition phenomenon/process present. Its advantages include Versatile in nature any element can be deposited either metallic or non-metallic about(predicate) 99.99-99.999% pure results Formation of the stuff and nonsense less than the melting point Nearly 100% density Economical There exist various types of Chemical desiccation Deposition. These include Atmospheric pressure CVD (APCVD), Aerosol A ssisted CVD (AACVD), Hot Wire (HWCVD), Atomic Layer CVD (ALCVD), Low Pressure CVD (LPCVD), Metal Organic CVD (MOCVD), Plasma intensify CVD (PECVD) Rapid Thermal CVD (RTCVD), Remote Plasma Enhanced CVD (RPECVD), Microwave Plasma Assisted CVD (MPACVD) and Ultra High Vacuum CVD (UHVCVD). Introduction to High Density Plasma CVD Now I will start a proper introduction of the High Density Plasma Chemical vapor deposition HDP-CVD). The HDP-CVD process is majorly used for the dielectric spreading filling in semiconductor devices manufacturing at very micro level. It is used for the Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) and the dielectrics inter layers in 180-nm, 130-nm and 90-nm technologies. take to fully it will start for the 65-nm and 45-nm technologies too. Gap fillings at such a small scale are very difficult task. While doing the edge gap filling some factors are also keep in consideration like raising the wafer temperature, plasma density and lowering of the deposition pressure. The react ion chamber is used for the process. Scientists have developed the new generation tools for the higher plasma density. The HDP reaction chamber is included the two sources of the radio frequency (RF). These are coupled with the plasma as inductively and capacitively. Inductive RF controls the plasma density and capacitive RF controls the physical bombardment of ions to the wafers or substrates. The reaction chamber will be discussed in detail later on. HDP-CVD gives improved characteristics for the gap filling in the semiconductor fabrication. A process is explained here as an example. A semiconductor material or substrate is loaded in the reaction process chamber. The high density plasma is generated by the gases including oxygen, silicon, hydrogen and a chemical etching gas which is nitrogen free. This plasma is generated exactly on the substrate semiconductor. After this process the chemical semiconductor substrate is heated to a very high temperature. ordinarily it ranges from the 550 degree Celsius to 700 degree Celsius. This procedure helps in filling the gap regions without any side effects to the substrate. The layer for filling the gaps is of the silicon oxide. Fabrication Process The process of the high density plasma CVD comprised of the different claims which are as follows The steps which involved in the high density

The gender is a key variable in international relations Essay

The gender is a key variable in outside(a) relations - stress ExampleIn this essay, I have discussed gender relations from various perspectives to highlight its position within international relations. The answer to whether gender remains a key variable in international relations studies bets to be contentious. Various issues are discussed here including the interrelations between gender and politics, gender and kind norms and gender and industrial changes. Trade, political agenda, and social policies are shaped and controlled not just by a non-gendered approach to international relations but also by including factors of tend and gender in developing these approaches. The analysis definitely points to a single all-important factor in the study of gender in international relations, to wit the influence of feminism. Feminist and womens movements have developed in parallel with changes in the study of international relations and have transformed the way social rules and political changes are defined or analyzed. Several aspects of the feminist approach are discussed here including health, scientific management, political inclusion, incarceration, workplace equality, trade relations and womens human rights. The studies suggest that gender issues have awareness of the discriminatory practice at the workplace, in the classroom, in political scenarios, social meetings and in the wide international contexts. Gender issues have permeated all aspects of society and are subsequently the main variables that define wide social transformations along with race and class. Considering the range of issues that seem to be affected by gender considerations and the tremendous influence of feminism in highlighting a gendered view of social systems, the acknowledged masculinities in social realms seem to have been replaced by a greater realization for womens rights and gender equality patterns in all aspects of international relations.

Starting and Developing a New Venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Starting and Developing a New Venture - Essay ExampleIn the case of Haji he started Easy feed airliners after leaving Stelmar Tankers, his own shipping company by persuading Lucas to lend him ?5 million. He started Easy jet a low cost reckon airline using two rented 737s and ?29 one-way f atomic number 18s to Glasgow. By starting Easy jet Haji was not bowing to the pressures of risk but took an authoritative measure even though he had been charged earlier with counts of poor maintenance of his vessels and manslaughter. Moreover he started Easy jet by borrowing money. It is a known fact that borrowed money attracts interest and the principal money has to be paid and therefore it becomes, quite impossible to get promising returns in the start-off years of profession. In his autobiography Richard Branson reckons that his passion in doing business is motivated by setting huge goals that are apparently unachievable, and staying focused to rise to a higher place them. This shows that Branson was aware of the risks involved in a huge venture when he set up Virgin Atlantics. Besides in 1993, Branson took the greatest risk by venturing into the railway business. This project was very costly and most people though he would not make it. It goes without taking that Branson and Haji took a partial cut when it came to risks and only took the initiative of such ventures when they deemed them worthwhile in the long run. LOCUS OF CONTROL The locus of control is the power in the principle that one butt end formulate and implement things. Most entrepreneurs have a high locus but in most cases they are poor in delegating duties. They are upbeat when it comes to venturing into business. They tend to be more practical and positive about their business ventures. In 1993, Branson took what most people thought was a very regretful... Curiosity and creativity is the quintessence of entrepreneurism. New products, new-made solutions and new ways are the core of creativity and in general entrepreneurism. It is about willing to deliberate of all possibilities and opening ones mind to creative things through being inquisitive of what is going on in the globe and quite practically generating a gimmick of stuff that suggests ones ability to create new products that other people are afraid of thinking. Branson has been termed as one of the new generation of the creative world. He took products that were already in existence and made them look original. He has revolutionized the airline business by integrating it with other business ventures like the Virgin Fuels and Space tourism. Virgin Fuels was designed to respond to global warming and exploit the insistence spikes in fuel expenditures by offering a revolutionary, less costly fuel for machines and, in the near future, aircraft fuel. Branson stated that he was formerly a global skeptic and his decision was influenced by Al Gore.

Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries Essay

Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries - Essay ExampleThe current global climate relies heavily on the introduction of Foreign Direct Investment as a determining factor in the economic growth of any region. However, questions remain as to why in that respect ar certain pockets of countries where FDI seems to be flourishing, while others are vying for attention in this regard. There are many statistics that point to this (Vaknin, 2007, np). For example, only i third of the ontogenesis and poor nations get any forms of FDIs, and these are perhaps the neediest ones. Also, the contribution of the FDIs in the global economy is not even five percent. Then why is it considered as the next wave of development and a ray of light for poor nations development FDIs have been strongly criticized for seizing the topical anaesthetic talent of a country, preventing local growth, and thereby further reducing the economic development. Alongside, the other political, social and legal ra mifications are amongst others in the list of problems associated with FDI (Vaknin, 2007, np). These and other such arguments have been raised in the past at the time when FDIs were being introduced for the first time across the world, and many critics still believe that such actions are leading to overall prejudicious impacts in the long run on the poor countries.Foreign Direct Investment is defined as investment in domestic structures, equipment and organization by foreign private sector or government. FDI does not include foreign portfolio investment in a domestic economy. The latter refers to investment in fairness of domestic companies by foreign economic agents (Kumo, 2009, np).On the other hand, there are many examples showing FDI as a potential source of success in the economy of a developing country. India for example, has become one of the worlds favorite in gaining FDIs (Bhaumik et al, 2003, pp 2 and 3). The IT sector is one of the most prominent examples, which have jum pstarted Indias GDP to one of the largest in the developing world. These and many such shining examples are now showing that FDIs can play a very important contributory share in improving the economic prosperity of poor nations. The initial skepticism is now giving way to acceptance and even appreciation of FDIs as explore results show improved economic outcomes with the introduction of multinational companies and foreign investments over loans.Education is another recently discovered successful area where FDIs are taking designate in India. Although critics pose questions about the cons of the education FDI in terms of personal gains instead of the gains for the country, so far, these investments are providing countries with a rope to hang on to, where others are sinking (Bhaumik et al, 2003, pp 4). The number of researches conducted on the beneficial effects of FDIs outnumber those that critic them. FDIs have been so far found to directly improve the financial and educational s ectors of a country (Alfaro et al, 2007, pp 7). These countries are termed as the host countries. Researches show that those countries with good links between the final and intermediary industry sectors as well as good human capital are likely to get more FDIs (Alfaro et al, 20

Aristotles View on the Natural of Teleology Essay

Aristotles View on the Natural of Teleology - Essay ExampleIn this first argument, Aristotle draws to the comparison of rainfall and existent of animal parts which seems to be the most disputed contents in Aristotelian Corpus. In his argument, Aristotle tries to develop a final causation with regard to nature. Aristotle discusses the subject of indispensable teleology as a result of his predecessors trying to trace the final causation. The predecessors believe that things exist the way they as a result of necessity. This necessity includes the material elements that exist on their own natures and potentials. However, according to Aristotle, his predecessors describe natural phenomena with a stress on necessity. For Aristotle, his main focus is to establish the existence of other causes other than the material necessity. Since nature is a source of change, it acts to serve something therefore, Aristotle is on the view that teleology and necessity tend to be think (Asanuma, 2011).Re garding how Aristotle distinguishes his teleological view concerning nature and the views associated with his opponents, it is clear that Aristotle considers his view and those of his opponents to be incompatible. As such, Aristotle disagrees with the view material necessity operates in nature and does not require operations associated with teleology. On another note, these two forces associated with nature could be compatible however, operations associated with material necessity may not be sufficient when it comes to producing positive results. The natural phenomena may not come about with the absence of a final cause, as such, explanations related to formal and final causation should not be bring down to explanations focusing on efficiency and material causation. While there is a school of thought that concur necessity and teleology seems compatible with regard to Aristotles view, this poop only happen with the absence of ontological consequences (Krbalek & Vacek, 2013).

The Post-Modern Condition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

The Post-Modern Condition - Essay ExampleBy definition, the Word cannot be a gentleman artifice.2. Early modern Signs modify or screen reality, which is thereby acknowledged to be at least partially artificial or contingent. Observers concede that symbolic forms of mediation do not immediately touch or mirror reality-in-itself. Example There is a growing recognition among intellectuals that theological disputes are an requisite part of deciphering the enigma that is God.3. Modern Signs dissimulate -- that is, they conceal the presence of absence. Example We begin to understand that God does not exist (absence), that he was always a figment of our too-fertile imaginations. Nevertheless, we concede that religious belief should perhaps be tolerated because it gives people hope and a reason for living.4. Postmodern Signs no longer claim to depict, mirror, or even disguise an objective reality. Consequently, symbolic modes of representation become pure simulacra copies (or copies of a copy) that have no original (Baudrillard 1983). The simulacrum embodies nothing but a knowingly manufactured and contrived reality. Hence, culture must be faked before it can be recognized. Example A McDonalds commercial shows a little lady friend supposedly enjoying a hamburger with her father. Such a commercial is neither true nor false. Both at the point of production and at the time of consumption, it is judged that in terms of whether it is attention-worthy. (Gary Genosko, 1994).In Jean Baudrillards (1983) terms, postmodern simulation is the generation by models of a real without origin or reality a hyperreal. The ad just described is not therefore compromised by viewers awareness that what they are seeing is perfectly contrived, for postmodern subjects feel quite at home in a world where everything around them is already faked. Indeed, precisely because their lives lack stable or reliable meaning, postmodern subjects are often characterized by a desperate need to be seduced. Note, too, that a clever or successful ad will interest both the simpleton incapable of ironic detachment and the corrupt cynically enjoying the commercial on its own terms. We must accordingly conclude that neither intelligence nor perspicacity gives us the resources to resist postmodernism. The modern intellectual believed that faultfinding intelligence armored the individual against the seductions of eloquence. By contrast, postmodern subjects fail to achieve critical distance from what they perceive. By successfully collapsing the distinction between what signifies and what is signified, postmodernism makes it increasingly baffling

Tourism Product in Ambleside Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tourism Product in Ambleside - Research Proposal ExampleDifferences in attitudes have been examined according to degree of touristry development (Long, Perdue and Allen 1990), level of an individuals intricacy in the tourism industry (Smith and Krannich 1998), maturity of destination (Sheldon and Abenoja 2001), type of tourism development in both the U.S. and abroad (Carlsen, 1999 Ryan and Montgomery 1998), and specific to one study event (Wall 1990). A number of small-scale studies have been conducted utilizing enquiry from one to a few immunities(Andressen and Murphy 1986), but until recently there has been microscopical research that examines a wide range of communities located within close proximity of each other in aggregate (Indirect and Vogt 2000). This study examined the attitudes toward tourism of residents in a dozen communities in Arizona, generally following the model developed by Perdue, Long, and Allen (1990) as part of their studies. . The research utilized social exchange theory as a foundation to formulate three research questions3) what variables contributed to support for tourism planning. ... 2) did the extent to which one benefited personally from tourism development impactperceived imperative impacts of tourism, perceived negative impacts of tourism andsupport for additional tourism and did the extent to which one benefited personallyfrom tourism development, perceived positive impacts of tourism, and perceivednegative impacts of tourism affect support for additional tourism and3) what variables contributed to support for tourism planning. The attitudes of that the residents hold towards tourism and perceptions of its impact on community life must be continually accessed.. (Allen et al. 1988)Methodology Part Two It has been established that the objective for this study is to obtain in-depth perceptions of tourism on the residents of Ambleside Lake District because the success of tourism depends upon the perceptions of the residents. T he best methodology to relate these objectives is that primary data collection will be collected in the form of a Postal questionnaire of around 100 applicants from the Amber Side Lake district. station surveys are a cost effective method of gathering information. (Kaiser and Helber 1978) They cost a little less than telephone interviews, however, they take over twice as long to complete (eight to twelve weeks). Because there is no interviewer, there is no possibility of interviewer bias. The main disadvantage is the inability to probe respondents for more detailed information. (Kelly 1992 p 51)Although Email questionnaires are an option it has been decided that this method will not be used. The reason is Email and internet surveys are relatively new and little is known about the effect of sampling bias

Recalls on vehicles at Ford Motor Company Case Study

Recalls on vehicles at Ford Motor Company - Case Study ExampleFord is one much(prenominal) automobile company, whose name has been associated with a signifi fecal mattert number of recalls in the recent times. The aim of this paper is to make use of online available data to shed softly on the number of recalls, reasons associated with them, steps taken by the company to rectify the mistakes and results that these measures have yielded so far.This study will help analyze the causes for mishaps that occur in the automobile manufacturing process at ford. The depth psychology of the various recalls and reasons for each will highlight aspects that need to be center upon while processing a product. The analysis will yield a general consensus area that ford, as a company, lacks in and how the companys strategic decision making should be focused upon strengthening their weak links. The central problem of this paper is related to the signifi domiciliatet amount of automobile recalls by the Ford Company in the recent old age which hints at its weakness in certain areas of production.The study is important due to its implications in the company, customers and stakeholders equally. By studying the reasons for product recalls, the companys weak points can be analyzed, helping the company focus on areas that need to be strengthened to curtail further recall incidents. As customers, an insight regarding the problems that ford automobiles can be accompanied with gives them a heads-up regarding what to expect. The companys dedication towards rectifying their vehicle mishaps through recalls also reflects its intention to provide the best and protect its customers from affirmable hazards. As stakeholders of the company, the growing number of recalls is a warning sign that reflects the companys lack of strategic focus upon offering up-to-mark vehicles to the customers. Increasing recalls also calls for option allocation that would otherwise be utilized

The Hecksher Ohlin Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Hecksher Ohlin Theory - Essay ExampleThe Hecksher - Ohlin fabric developed by Eli Hecksher and Bertil Ohlin in the 1920s, explores the possibility of twain nations operating at the comparable level of efficiency, benefiting by trading with each other.The H-O model incorporates a number of realistic characteristics of production that are left place of the simple Ricardos model. Recall that in the simple Ricardos model only one factor of production, labor, is needed to produce goods and services (Krugman, 1997). The productivity of labor is assumed to modify across countries, which implies a difference in technology between nations. It was the difference in technology that motivated advantageous international plenty in the model (Suranovic, 2003).According to the Hecksher-Ohlin Theory, capital refers to the physical machines and equipment that is used in production. Thus, machine tools, conveyers, trucks, forklifts, computers, office buildings, office supplies, and much more, is considered capital.All amentaceous capital must be owned by someone. In a capitalist economy most of the physical capital is owned by individuals and businesses. In a socialist economy productive capital would be owned by the government. ... This model makes the following assumptions1. T here(predicate) are no obstructions to trade i.e. no trade controls, transport costs etcetera2. Both commodity and factor markets are perfectively competitive.3. There are constant returns to scale.4. Both the countries have the same technology and hence operate at the same level of efficiency.5. There are twain factors of production - labor and capital. Both are perfectly immobile in inter-country transfers, but perfectly mobile in inter-sector transfers.According to this theory, there are two types of products - labor intensive and capital intensive. Two countries operating at the same level of efficiency asshole, and do, benefit from trade due to the differences in their factor endowment s. The labor-rich country is likely to produce labor-intensive goods, while the country rich in capital is likely to produce capital-intensive goods. The two countries will then trade I these goods and reap the benefits of international trade.The Hecksher-Ohlin model has also got some drawbacks. First and foremost, it assumes that factor endowments remain constant but they can be developed through innovation (Jain, 2000). Second, with many countries imposing minimum wage laws, factor prices may change to an extent, that a labor-rich country may bring out it cheaper to import labor-intensive goods than to produce them locally. An economist named Wassily Leontief has pointed out that, the exports of United States were more labor-intensive than capital-intensive despite that fact that the United States is a capital-rich country. It is worth emphasizing here a fundamental distinction between the Hecksher-Ohlin model and the Ricardian model. Whereas the Ricardian model assumes that prod uction technologies differ

Anova Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Anova - Assignment ExampleIt has been alleged that younger members of the society, especially from twain developed and developing countries do not slang time to engage in eating healthy. Due to their tight schedules as students or young professionals, they tip to consume fast food to save on time and to socialize.From this idea, the independent variable would be the respondents age. This can be explained by the fact that ones age should regulate on fast food consumptions. Similarly, the dependent variable will be the frequency of fast food consumption. After running the analysis, I expect to let out that there is a significant difference in the mean number of times respondents consume fast food at the different train of age, (F=4. 962, P=0. 000). Similarly, I expect that the Tukey post hoc test will show that younger individuals probably less than 25 years old will have a significantly higher mean number of times they eat fast food (Mean=10.66) when compared to older respondent s over 30 years

Words and word studies Essay Example for Free

Words and word studies EssayDo a word study on the Hebrew word Bara ( ready) as it is go ford in the whole adjudge of Genesis. Does the word always refer to creation out(p) of / using zippo? In the search of the Hebrew marches Bara in the entireness of the book of Genesis, there were eight particular instances that the call created (Hebrew Bara) was mentioned.Most of the time when the term created was used, the writer is implying about how divinity undertook the task of creating by using nothing in particular save for his godly powers to create things out of nothing. But in Genesis 67 the writer seemed to have hinted about how God made man from earth when it indicated that And the LORD said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth. The term face of the earth refers to the blemish that covers the land area of the planet.Here, readers are inclined to think that man was made from dust or soil (ergo the belief that when the body of a man dies, it returns to passkey form dust since it will become mere dust once the process of decomposition is complete). Can the word mean this in Genesis 11? Yes, the use of the term Bara or create in the premiere verse of the first chapter of Genesis refers to the display of God of his power to produce textile and tangible things without using early(a) things existing already so that the process of creation is undertaken.When discussing the qualification of God to create, Christian religious tenets have it that God creates out of nothing due to his absolute power that cannot be explained by the science and logic of man, ergo making Christianity a religion hinged on faith entirely even so when scientific or empirical explanation is not available (example of that is the creation of the world, which many scientists hypothesized to have started from an activity occurring from something extant already, which is still unsettled even up to now). Now look up Isa.4518 and find the Hebrew words behind Gods creative activity in that verse. Look up these words (there are two) in the Hebrew dictionary you are using, and then find any occurrence of them in the whole book of Genesis In Isaiah, three other forms similar to create is found the term formed (yatsar), made (asah) and established (kuwn). The term formed was mentioned three times in the book of Genesis in the verses seven, eight and 19 of the second chapter in the book, referring to his forming of man and the beasts that roamed the earth.The term made or make was found more often in the book of Genesis, nearly present in all of the chapters of the book, generally because asah is a primitive root along with kuwn, which was mentioned in 4132, 4316 and 4325 of the book of Genesis. Do either of these words refer to creation out of / using nothing? If not, do the authors of Genesis and Isaiah have different morality? Like what was mentioned earlier in the paper, not all of the terms that pertain to Gods creative activi ty points to the idea that God did not use any other thing to assist him in his creation there were instances like the creation of man and woman wherein God used earth to create man and used mans ribs to create a woman, references to the use of tools of God during particular times of his creative process which does not decrease the ability of Gods power for creation (i. e.God can make man and woman even without the use of earth and the mans ribs).But was a necessary act since the creation and the symbolisms that surround it has an important socio-religious meanings in the overall theology, belief and practices of the early Christianity all the way to the more modernistic form of the faith.2) Do word study on the term un married in I Cor. 7 The term Unmarried, or the Hebrew agamos is found in the seventh chapter of the first letter of St.Paul to the Corinthians. It appears that gamos is the root word that is supplemented by a prefix a that connotes negativity (ergo agamos for unmarr ied, the negative version of married, which is positive). As the English translation implies, this term is used as reference during the time of St. Paul for individuals who is still without a legal wife or maintain and has not yet undergone the ritual of marriage. savor and use the context to define what unmarried can mean During the time of St.Paul when he wrote to the Corinthians, the prevailing practice is to take a lawfully wedded save or wife, consistent with existing laws and religious practices. This does not guarantee however that people during those times were not vulnerable or susceptible to the temptations of extra marital affairs, and because of that, St. Paul focuses his discussion on marriage and sex in the context of what is allowable in the eyes of god through the accepted practices of the Catholic religion. The term unmarried refers to a person who is without a partner, and all unmarried individuals are encouraged by St.Paul to abstain from unlawful and taboo fo rms of sex from other people may they be married to other people or similarly unmarried. Unmarried as a social name tag is dumb for those who are not married, and by married one refers to the actualization and consummation of the rituals of marriage of union of two people. Does I Cor. 7 allow for remarriage after(prenominal)ward divorce or not? Divorce is a practice that is prohibited in the Roman Catholic belief and practices, and because it is not allowed, so is the idea of remarrying after leaving ones partner whom God joined in the sacrament of marriage.St. Paul speaks of this in I Corinthian 7 11-12, saying that And unto the married I command, yet not I, but the Lord, Let not the wife depart from her husband But and if she depart, let her remain unmarried, or be reconciled to her husband and let not the husband put away his wife. There is an indication in Chapter 7 of the first letter of Paul to the Corinthians about remarrying for those who are already widowed. In I Corin thians 78-9, it says that I say therefore to the unmarried and widows, It is good for them if they abide even as I.But if they cannot contain, let them marry for it is fall in to marry than to burn. Here St. Paul tells the unmarried and the widows that it is alright for them to remarry, encouraging them to remarry instead of engaging in sexual acts that is not allowed in Christian teaching that may be the reason for the burning of their souls in Hell.Works Cited Blue Letter Bible. 26 April 2008 http//cf. blueletterbible. org/lang/lexicon/lexicon. cfm? Strongs=H22t=KJV. King James Bible With Strongs Dictionary. 2001. 26 April 2008 http//www. htmlbible. com/sacrednamebiblecom/kjvstrongs/index. htm.

Organizational Behavior and Human Resources Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior and Human Resources EssayOrganizational conduct is the study and application of knowledge about passel or groups of people in an administration. It focuses on what people do and why they do it with aim of improving what they do. Since an organization is a collection of people workings together in an organized social structure to achieve a common goal, application of theories and concepts of human behavior is imperative to attain the goals of organizations. Organizational behavior covers areas such as human behavior, leadership in an organization, teams, communications, employee relations etc. Clark, 2008).A study of the organizations behavior helps the management to succeed in business opportunities. Human pick management is a strategic approach to the management of employees in an organization. It includes activities such as planning, selection, recruitment and maintaining employees. To sustain high execute employees, ensuring safe working environm ents and compliance to rules and regulations in an organization are some of the main objectives of human resource management.These objectives can only be attained by dint of efficient analyses of the employees behaviors. Therefore, when human resource management and organization behavior blend together in an organization, they help to bring about strong and active custody which help the organization meet its strategic goals. Effective policy development in human resources would help management to establish a strong work force and explore untapped resources and strategies that would improve the organization performance.In order to employ effective policies, the management should make best decisions in a timely trend in a given situation. Human resource managers should be involved in making strategic decisions of the organization such as being inform on the long term plans of the strategic management. To amicably resolve personnel issues and find appropriate solutions to these iss ues, the management should mystify proper human resource policies.The policies should hold back fresh ideas that reflect current situation in the organizations and the current business world in general. Human resources policies ensure that employees receive equal treatment in a wide range of employment issues and in legal matters incase they arise. To effectively develop human resource in any organization, it is necessary to have policies on employees benefits such as educational assistance, retirement benefits, health care and medical benefits etc.Another factor to consider when formulating the policies is the safety, health and security of the employees. Issues such as workplace violence, drugs, crisis management, and diseases like HIV/AIDS should be addressed in policy development. In addition it is important to consider employees relations which imply dispute resolutions and grievances, employees privacy, employees performance management, discipline and the conduct of employe es in the organization.Selection, recruitment and placement of employees is a fundamental function in the human resource management. Discrimination in terms of race, religion, sex or in any form should be discouraged in the hiring and recruitment process. In order to improve employees skills and their efficiency, there should be a policy on employee training and development. In conclusion, effective policies should seek to motivate employees whereby they feel comfortable and satisfied hence improve their performance.The human resource should operate in a flexible environment. For instance, employees can operate in shifts where divers(prenominal) people start and end their workday at different time. The organization should adopt technologies that would enable the employees to work outside the workplace. A study in organizational behavior shows that different people get motivated in different ways and can perform better under different circumstances. The management should therefore, customize their way of rewarding employees to their particular preferences (Marques, 2007).

Animal Crueltys Effect to Society Essay Example for Free

Animal Crueltys Effect to Society EssayPeople often think that animals ar just unconscious creatures that dont care roughly their day-to-day lives. solely they are actually just like us, they are living breathing creatures with simple lives and priorities. They prioritize more important things like, food, shelter and pity for their young and not like unimportant things like what theyre going to wear, wholl look better and the like. But since we are the dominant species, indeed we are the ones who are supposed to function them when they are in need and care for them if they need medical care. But sometimes people just underestimate them and abuse them for fun, specie , scientific experiments, etc. But they dont see that theyre actually causing harm to them and to the society, they just think that theyre only here for food and entertainment. But thats where theyre wrong, theyre actually the ones that should be the dominant species since theyre here first and were the ones that are supposed to help them know more about the world. So we should also help while theyre alive so well have more use to them and we should spend our lives, share-out the world with them and not trying to wipe them out of the face of the earth.Some people say, We help them, they help us. That is true because if youre kind enough to them then theyll help you when youre in trouble but some people misunderstood that, they think that we should help them by feeding them and they should help us by letting us kill them for profit. But thats not how it should be, we should treat them as our own, help them as if theyre humans. Because without them, then we wouldnt exist accountability now because all invigoration begins from animals from the sea and they evolved to be available to be on land until they evolved to turn into us.Also if some animals disappeared from existence, it may have some chaotic results If the bees, butterflies, bats and other animals that can pollinate disappear t hen plants will not bear f disappoints, other plants might get extinct and lower the oxygen from our planet. If frogs, lizards, chameleons and the like disappeared then flies, locusts and possibly mosquitoes would be everywhere causing food contamination, damaged crops, dengue fever and more catastrophic things. But in some cases when animals attack people, they still shouldnt kill them because its just in their instinct to attack if hey feel threatened or if their territory has been crossed. But people could still defend theirselves by tranquilizing them and sending them for check up after because in some instances they are sick and confused which causes them to attack. sometimes they might not understand us but we should also learn understand them. Animals help humans, humans must also help animals. You can assure a lot about a person by the way they treat animals. If you treat them nicely then people would know that you can do the same to other people.But if you treat them viole ntly then that thinks you have the ability to harm or kill people. Anyone who has accustomed himself to regard the life of any living creature as worthless is in danger of arriving also at the idea of worthless human lives, wrote humanitarian Dr. Albert Schweitzer. And according to Robert K. Ressler, who develop profiles of serial killers for the FBI, Murderers very often start out by killing and torturing animals as kids. This proves some murderers start out as an animal abuser which then would make them curious on if killing animals is just as fun as killing people.Animal mercilessty is not just caused by the abusers curiosity, its also a symptom of a mental disturbance. Some researches in psychology and criminology shows that people who commit animal inhuman treatment rarely snag there, many of them later on moves on to abusing or killing their fellow humans. Most of the records of the FBI shows a history of animal cruelty to many murderers and other criminals. There was a study in Northeastern University and the SPCA of the Massachusetts(USA) which shows that people who commit animal cruelty are five times more likely commit violent crimes against humans.The legal age of the inmates at San Quentin penitinary who are sentenced to be executed for committing murder, practiced their crimes on animals before committing their crimes according to the warden. Some people who are cruel to animals are also cruel to children and their family. People who often neglect the needs of their pets often also neglect their childrens needs. Animal abuse is also an important indicator of child abuse, sometimes when children witness their parents abusing animals they can get influenced by their parents to do so too because of reacting to anger and frustration.Their violence might be directed at the only individuals in the family who are more vulnerable than they are animal companions. One expert says, Children in violent homes are characterized by frequently particip ating in pecking-order battering, in which they might maim or kill an animal. Childhood cruelty to animals is indeed in the history of domestic violence. But in some cases animal cruelty is often discovered before the child abuse because it is more obvious to the neighbours that often hear the cries and howls of the animals because children are often threatened not to scream by their parents or else theyll get hurt even more.Because of that, animal control agents which are possibly called by the neighbours are allowed to go into the house to investigate and then later possibly see the children with their scars and bruises which unravels to being reported to social workers. This means that both the most vulnerable creatures in the house (the children and the pets) are abused by the adults. This proves that diversity is present in the house. Some organizations such as the Baltimore police, The New Jersey Coalition of Battered Women and The Guelph Humane Society(Canada) work with ani mal control.Working with other agencies is called mollycoddle Reporting which helps solve multiple cases. A study shows that 40% of battered women delayed seeking refuge from their abuser if their animal companion is included. This could possibly mean that the animals are also being abused along with the women since they find comfort from each other. These studies have led to a collaboration among social services and governing body agencies to develop a program for foster care of those animals. There are currently 100 programs in the US.Violence begins early specially for boys, some adults visualise their childrens abusive behaviour to animal to the saying that Boys will be boys. Children who abuse animals should be treated with special care or else it might lead to a horrible way of life. Animal cruelty also proves the fact that most people dont think before they do coerce because they dont think of the consequences of their actions. Everyone should treat animals, children and women fairly because we are all here to help each other on going through our daily lives. People should stop discrimination and learn how to live peacefully together.

Note On Development Of Waqf Land Economics Essay

Note On maturation Of Waqf Land Economics Essay psychiatric hospital1. on that point is no doubt that the existence of waqf since the time of the prophet s.a.w is meant for the humans to do good deeds for the society and should emolument the Muslims. Waqf or endowment has been embody in Islam as one of the good deeds in which the spiritual deed rewarded by Allah with 70 times returns.1In a nonher verse, the act of charity by disposing out property as an act of charity is encouraged in Islam.2From economic point of view, waqf is a powerful mechanism in underdeveloped the nation in form of charitable instruments which is actually unique and beneficial for p all overty alleviation programmes.2. In Islamic tradition waqf is very authoritative. Its likely in future development should not be underestimated. The average rate of return on investments made in developing waqf properties came to a minimum of 20-25% (Rashid, 2012)3. Besides sacred purposes, waqf dry tear has to a faul t been used for infra grammatical construction development, education sector, healthcare and public amenities. For example, among the prominent education institutions that were founded and main(prenominal)tained using waqf fetchs are the Al-Azhar University in Egypt, University of Cordova in Spain, Universitas Islam Indonesia in Jogjakarta, Indonesia4and AlBukhary International University in Malaysia. While in the healthcare sector, the hospital (Al Noori Hospital) in Damascus and clinics (Klinik Nur) in Malaysia.5Review of Development in Waqf3. Recently, there is an increasing reside in reviving the waqf institutions. Several international conferences on waqf contribute been held in recent years (i.e. Harvard, 2006, 2008 South Africa, 2007 Singapore, 2008 Kuwait, 2008 Iran, 2008, Malaysia, 2010).6These conferences and seminars experience discussed how waqf institutions have been revived by federal agency of interviewing relevant authorities and conducting surveys on waqf fin e-tune rules and regulations in m any(prenominal) parts of the Muslim world. Box 1 provides the example development of waqf worlds and properties in Malaysia and Singapore. However, despite mingled efforts by the governments to enhance the benefits, the utilization of waqf regions is belt up not being optimized and in concomitant there are a lot vestigial waqf earthly concerns which have emf to be invested through various instruments.4. From the perspective of research, the literatures discussed the different usage of Islamic dashs of investment for waqf institutions (Kahf, 1998 Hasan and Abdullah, 2008). There are alike a few literatures dedicated to the topics of waqf land development. Most of these have discussed the historic development of these lands and their legal aspects (Perai, 2005 Hasan and Abdullah, 2008). There are writings that have classified waqf lands according to how they have been used, for example agriculture, construction, mosques, cemeteries, etc. (MA IS, 2008). There is, limited literature that has categorized waqf lands according to their strategic locations and uses let alone matching them with Islamic investment modes (Noor and Mohamed, 2009).5. There is no recent news of any worth-mentioning waqf development job except in Malaysia during the last twain years (20 major and 70 minor waqf projects have been completed, worth over US$ nose toleratedy million)7. On the other hand, the number of properties sponsored by the Awqf Properties Investment Fund of IDB (APIF) was not up to the mark. During 2002-03 only 8 projects were developed, while 7 projects in 2009 and 5 projects in 2010. The distribution of dividend from the funds was relatively low at only 2.5% compared to Harta Tanah PNB Trust in Malaysia at 6-7% of income distribution annually8. In addition, World Waqf Foundation has been very inactive as there is no publication from the foundation since 2004.Box 1. Development of Waqf Lands in Malaysia and SingaporeThe develop ment of waqf in Malaysia and Singapore especially land is fundamentally aimed at generating more income to waqf institution that could be benefited by the beneficiaries.In the context of Malaysia, there are over 35,727 hectares of registered waqf lands in which may be invested to benefit the Muslims society.1 one(a) of the recent large scale investments of waqf land in Malaysia was initiated by the Federal Territories Islamic Religious Council together with Tabung Haji, TH Technologies Sdn. Bhd. and Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad involving a project for the construction of a 34-storey building at a cost of RM151 million. Regardless of this development, it is observed however that the utilization of waqf lands is still not being optimized and in fact there are a lot undeveloped waqf lands which have potential to be invested through various instruments.There are various model of investments of waqf land could be adopted by the waqf imprimatur either they are depending on funding from t he federal or state government or statutory bodies or financial institutions. The utmost important is that the ability of the waqf institution to choose the most appropriate and suitable methods of financial schemes for any of its investment project. In Malaysia, the instruments of investment of waqf land namely debt-based instrument, equity-based instruments, self-finance instrument and Islamic securities instruments. However, the existing waqf lands have not been strategically categorized and the modes of Islamic investments have been used arbitrarily.In the case Singapore, although many another(prenominal) waqf were still managed by the private trustees, all awqaf created are vested in Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS) and required to be registered in MUIS. The effective and efficient management of waqf assets and properties by MUIS had enabled waqf revenue to increase exponentially. MUIS in addition adopted joint venture and partnering attack to develop waqf properties (i.e a S$28 million development of the 20 units of massionette and selling for 99 years lease). This approach and method proved to be an effective way to develop waqf properties, particularly with property prices spiraling upwards and land scarce Singapore.There are many creative solutions in the development of waqf properties. In current properties investment, Real Estate Investment Trust (REITs) instrument is a popular route to owning properties as the structure highly appeals to the investors. MUIS has creatively made an internal REITs for its waqf properties (i.e the purchase of a 6-storey office building with a pool of waqf properties). As at 2006, MUIS manages waqf properties and assets worth about S$341 million.2 As far as financial resources are concerned, cash waqf scheme and modern financial mode of Sukuk Musharaka bond have been introduced to fund waqf development activities.1 harmonise to a survey conducted by Jabatan Agama Islam Malaysia (JAKIM) in 2000.2 WAREES PTE LTD (2 007).Source MUIS (2006), Hassan and Abdullah (2008).Binding Constraints to Development of Waqf Land6. In practice, a wide range of applications of the waqf idea have emerged over time and space, including for purposes of markets, guilds and other civic endowments, usually under the administration of a mutawali, as well as for mosques, schools, cemeteries, housing for the poor and general welfare. In this respect, waqf occupies the ambivalent zone of many charities and philanthropists along with other institutions. However, significant issues facing waqf institutions convey to overcome when it comes to process of developing the waqf lands. For instance, the waqf administration is accused of giving less than innocent and just decisions and complaints of bribery against the waqf officials are not uncommon.9There are also many examples of disputed waqf lands that now in the process of court hearing just about the Muslim world.7. The binding constraints faced by the development of waq f land, among others are i) unregistered waqf lands without land titles registered in the name of the waqf authority, the land cannot be developed and they remain undeveloped ii) unexplore option of Istibdal on non-prime land or sale Istibdal or substitution would be a suitable alternative to non prime land being change for prime or more suitable lands for identified development initiatives or refurbishment iii) waqf on leasehold land and properties classified as national heritage waqf authority may encounter obstacles developing waqf land that are leasehold (till lease expires) or classify under the category of national heritage under the auspices of individual local authority iv) legal framework to understand different legal frameworks of waqf administration and waqf matters and v) security for financing route for project financing, the concept of waqf may not allow exceeding to the requirement for land becoming collateral which is a basis for financing.8. In term of waqf i nstitutions, it is undoubtedly unsatisfactory. In many areas, there has been a devastating evidences of awqaf. The awqaf institutions are not given proper attention and therefore, vast awqaf properties are ill-managed. The inevitable consequence is much dilapidation and disrepair. Even the best wqaf buildings, with dreadful commercial potential, are not getting basic repairs and maintenance (Ahmad and Khan, 1998). Indeed there is a general feeling that waqf properties of the highest quality, is now some sort of catchpenny(prenominal) commodity, available in the commercial market. On top of which the virtual collapse of institution of awqaf has resulted in a vacuum which, in most Muslim countries have failed to fill in the gap. The reasons for this include i) poor legislative framework ii) administrative lapses iii) neglect of political entrust iv) indifferent attitude of the management committee of the awqaf v) lack of funding and vi) lack of honesty and integrity.Proposed Frame work for Waqf Land Development9. There are vast un-managed assets of awqaf in the world where Muslims also represent a colossal amount of brotherly wealth. In the development process, these can be combined to produce necessary facility of social services especially for the poor peck (Bellhachmi, 2004). The institution of awqaf could play a better role in the process of social and economic development. In order to achieve this stage, there is a need to give special attention to the development of the vast under-used awqaf properties to reactivate its functions and ability to provide those important services they used to carry out in the past. One of the major problems in relation to reviving awqaf is a lack of funds for regenerating the productivity of the waqf land/properties as well as other transportable and immovable assets.10. The intended development of waqf lands/properties may be either for the purposes of revivification or advanced in the sense of investment. There are s everal(prenominal) mode of financing can be employed for development of awqaf lands such as issuing output share, partnership share, leasing etc. Sabit (2006) has divided the development of waqf assets into three (3) main methods i) credit based finance ii) joint venture or equity and income sharing and iii) self-financing. The combination of these three methods of financing or two of them may also necessary based on the requirements of the waqf assets.11. Based on the recent studies and practices, this study proposes for establishment of waqf assets as an offer of alternative investment through the issuance of sukuk, complemented by cash waqf fund. In order to develop awqaf projects, creating cash waqf fund (i.e Malaysia and Singapore) and sukuk mode of finance (Singapore) will build up trust between investors, depositors and the awqaf institutions for enhancing the financial benefit. It is anticipate that these two sources of Islamic investment funds will allow the Muslim ummah t o invoke waqf contributors motives by financing into the awqaf projects so as to fulfill the objectivities of the awqaf. The details of these two sources of funding for the development of awqaf institutions are discussed belowBefore undertaking the development of waqf lands, IDB needs to fulfil three basic requirements i) develop a co-ordination mechanism between IDB and waqf authority for the purpose of compiling waqf lands information ii) identify and profile strategic waqf lands for the purpose of commercial activities (i.e hospitals, educational and training institutions, real estate) and iii) form a potential partnership in the form of SPV- IDB as a partner (sharik) with the potential waqf authority to undertake specific waqf projects/investments.Many wqaf institutions simply do not have the funds to develop new capacity while keeping their existing work going on. Waqf assets, through the issuance of sukuk (Islamic bond), offer an alternative investment. Most important point i s that sukuk as a product is linked the returns and cash flows of the financing to the assets purchased, or the returns generated from an asset purchased. Therefore, sukuk can be used as a nib to finance for development of the waqf properties. The main objective is to provide long-term certify with a focus on building capabilities and showing results.There are several types of sukuk but two, ijara sukuk and musharakah sukuk, are most popular in the real estate financing and for creating funds for construction of new complexes. The development of waqf assets through the issuance of sukuk may be most suitable by using the musharakah financing principle, due to three elements i) it represents new source of funds on basis of lucre and loss-sharing ii) it is racy to developing awqaf lands and iii) there is a great deal of surplus cash sitting in Islamic financial institutions.Figure 1. Illustration for Waqf Land DevelopmentSource authors illustrationFigure 1 summarizes the cycle for waqf land development via sukuk. The waqf management board creates a musharakah venture. Waqf management board also will also appoint a Waqf Asset Manager as an agent to develop the land. In order to mobilise the fund through musharakah sukuk the following mechanics can be employed10 i) the waqf asset manager and special purpose vehicle (SPV) enter into a musharakah venture to develop waqf land for a period with pre-determine profit sharing ii) the waqf asset manager enters into a two-year forward lease agreement with construction company iii) on behalf of the waqf management board, waqf asset manager contributes land to the musharakah venture and iv) the SPV contributes cash as capital to build commercial building on the waqf land.The musharakah sukuk can be complemented by cash waqf fund. Cash waqf has become increasingly popular among Muslim, particularly because of its flexibility, which allows distribution of the waqfs potential benefit to be benefited by the poor. Cash waqf fu nd may be opened for soliciting cash waqf with the intention to support services to mankind in the name of God. The donors (waqifs) of this fund will give their cash money for the purpose of financing the development of awqaf land/building/properties. The waqf mutawalli will manage this fund and the fund will be utilized for providing revolving loans for development of awqaf properties. This loans that are payable to the fund, to be utilized again for financing other awqaf properties. oddment12. This note examines briefly the nature of waqf land development, review recent literature and practices on waqf land development and propose a solution to undertake waqf land development for ISFD. The development of waqf lands is an important milestone for ISFD given the fact that there are large amount of undeveloped and ill-managed waqf lands in the Muslim world. By providing the expertness on enhancing the awqf institutions and develop waqf land in member countries, it is expected from thi s undertaking that the institution of awqaf could play a better role in the process of social and economic development but also generate additional source of income for ISFD to combat poverty in member countries. This note proposes ISFD to consider undertaking waqf land development through the issuance of sukuk and developing cash waqf fund together with member countries.