Income Inequality in Iran Essay -- Iran Poverty and Inequality

There are many problems that face Third World nations. Income disagreement affects all nations in the world. It affects some countries more than others though. Income inequality is a major problem in the Third World. In the Third World, the top 1% of people earns 15 % of the income, and the top 5% earn 40% of the income. However the poorest 20% earn only 1% of the global income. This creates a world of haves and have nots. This affects many aspects of society in a county. In the Muslim Republic of Iran, income inequity is a serious issue. One social service that is affected greatly is education. Areas that are poorer do not get the same train of education as areas that are richer receive. This inequality in education is caused by the unequal distribution of wealth that is in Iran because of the unequal distribution of oil revenues end-to-end Iran. In order to understand income inequality in Iran, one must first look at the basic economic facts of Iran. Iran has a popul ation 77,176,930 people. 70% of its citizens live in urban areas such as Tehran, Mashhad, and Tibriz while 30% live in the rural areas. Urban and rural populations will come up later in the analysis of inequality in Iran. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Iran in2012 was $548.590 billion. That ranked Iran 21st in the world. The per capita income for each head of household in Iran in 2012 was $7,207, which was 76th in the world. The Human Development Index (HDI) for Iran for in 2013 is 0.742, which is 76th in the world. That is in the middle range of countries for the HDI below most developed nations but spicy for Third World nation. Iran is a semi-industrialized nation with some manufacturing industries and a heavy reliance on oil revenues f... ...r, The grow of Irans Inflation Susman, Income Inequality and indigence in Iran. United States Government Accountability Office,US and International Sanctions Have Adversely Affected the Iranian frugality http//www.gao.gov /assets/660/652314.pdf (Viewed December 1, 2013, 845 EST) Raghfar, The grow of Irans Inflation Susman, Income Inequality and Poverty in Iran. Children of Heaven, (Tehran, Iran. 1997). Susman, Income Inequality and Poverty in Iran. Raghfar, The Roots of Irans Inflation Susman, Income Inequality and Poverty in Iran. The Jar, (Hormozgan, Iran. 1995). Children of Heaven, (Tehran, Iran. 1997). Raghfar, The Roots of Irans Inflation Raghfar, The Roots of Irans Inflation United States Government Accountability Office, US and International Sanctions Have Adversely Affected the Iranian Economy

The Advertisement of Harmful Products Essay -- Tobacco Marketing

The Advertisement of Harmful Products Psychological Persuasion through and through advertise Why tobacco companies atomic number 18 still in business. With continuing advancements in medical research, the harsh reality of tobacco smoke becomes more evident. The deadly result of smoking tobacco is gaining notoriety in society, and a general social movement towards a smoke-free environment is becoming the norm. Regardless of these obstacles, tobacco companies are determined to stay in business, and absorb the growing backlash against smoking. One main weapon of defense for the tobacco companies is their ability to draw new costumers through persuasive advertising. The majority of new smokers are between the ages of fourteen and twenty-one. Coinciding, the majority of smoking ads are projected to a junior crowd, attempting to dissolve a younger personss resistance to smoking. Campaigns such as the cartoon Joe Camel seem to be directed towards a youn ger audience. Psychologist John Pierce, of the University of California, says advertising reduces the conc...

Didions Some Dreamers of the Golden Dream Essay examples -- Didion Dr

Didions Some Dreamers of the Golden DreamIn Some Dreamers of the Golden Dream, the author Didion uses fieryimagery to parallel the San Bernardino Valley to hell. It is a outer space where thehills blaze up spontaneously, and every voice seems a scream. (p.3) Didionshellish descriptions of the geography reflect the culture of San BernardinoValley. It is where the hot wind blows and the old ways do non seem relevant,where the divorce rate is double the national average. (p.4) In this culture,the importance of the old ways, such as a long-lasting marriage, aredevalued. It is a friendship where the dream is teaching the dreamers how tolive, (p.17) and where reality doesnt hamper peoples obsessions and greediness.In the essay Some Dreamers of the Golden Dream, the San Bernardino Valleysself-indulgent culture devaluates societys morals and ethics such as religion,law, love, and life.In the San Bernardino Valley, tele-evangelism, Christian gospel spreadthrough television, is prominent. I t is the California where it is easy toDial-A-Devotion, but hard to buy a book. (p.4) It is a society where anyonewith money can buy a devotion to God with the dialing of a number. The usage ofreligion as a money-making business defiles the sanctity of societys most sacredand cherished belief. However, money is make so morals and ethics are ignored.Another example of this immorality is Edward Foley, Lucilles Millers attorney.He sa...

David Merrill’s Component Display Theory :: Teaching Education Essays

David Merrills Component boast Theory IntroductionDavid Merrills Component Display Theory is based primarily on the same assumptions as Robert Gagnes Events of Instruction. They both agree that different types of learning require different types of procedures for teaching as well as different types of assessment means. However, the component discover theory is primarily concerned with teaching individual concepts and arranges counseling to provide learner confine (Braxton, Bronico, and Looms, 1). What is the Component Display Theory?The component display theory is design strategy for designing instruction. It focuses on a single idea or clinical at a time. It is used mostly after a task analysis has been performed (Anglin, 1995). The component display theory provides a list of prescriptions for designing instruction for different kinds of instructional outcomes. The component display theory is a type of analysis that emphasizes on different components of instruction for differen t types of instructional goals. The component display theory is an attempt to create the best combination of instructional strategies to produce a particular learning outcome (Reigeluth, 1999).The component display theory is dissever into two parts content and performance. The content dimension is comprised of facts, concepts, procedures, and principles. The performance dimension is comprised of remembering, using, finding, and generalities. (Merrill, 1). The different dimensions of the component display theory are related in a matrix format. The component display theory is used to design an instructional strategy. The first step is to identify the performance level and content classification. This is accomplished by comparing the instructional objective with the content classification.The second step is to examine the primary presentation forms. The four primary presentation forms are rules, examples, recall and practice. Depending on the performance level desired and then content classification, a different performance presentation is preferred. This also includes determining the practice requirements. Rules expository presentation of a generalityExamples expository presentation of instancesRecall inquisitory generalityPractice inquisitory instance*Definition Source MerrillThe third step is to examine the substitute presentation forms. The secondary presentation forms include prerequisites, objectives, helps, mnemonics, and feedback. These outline specific considerations which enable students to acquire the concepts more than effectively (Anderton, Parry, Twitchell, 1990). They are also more elaborative and supply more information than the primary presentation forms.The three steps above provide a guideline for constructing an instructional design strategy. However, each step of this design impact will involve different variables and constraints depending on the type of instruction being designed.

The Tempest Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout the play The Tempest in that respect is a family relationship that pits master and knuckle down in a harmony that benefits both parties. Though it may sound strange, these slaves sometimes have a goal or mind pile that they hope to have fulfilled. Although rarely realized by its by its participants, the Master--Slave, Slave--Master relationship is a balance of expectation and fear by the slaves to the master and a perceive since of power by that of the master over the slaves. The relationship between the slave and master is one of expectation and perceived fear. Expectation in a sense that a slave with a perceived forthcoming(a) expectation will tend to work harder and more diligently for their master then a slave that does not have these expectations for hope of reaching their ultimate goal. For instance Ariel is more willing to do Prosperos bidding for he believes that are some future date he will be set free, and will not longer have to serve as a slave to pros pero. For instance in this passage we are confronted with this expectation of freedom Prospero What ist thou canst de bitdAriel My LibertyProspero Before the time be out? No moreAriel I prithee, remember I have done thee worthy service, told thee no lies, made no mistakings, served without grudge or grumbling. Thou did promise to bate me a blanket(a) year (Act I, Scene II, 245-249)Showing that the slave, Ariel, is willing to do what ever is asked of him in the hope that in due time he will be set free, and to serve no one any longer. However, this expectation is one sided since, the expectation of freedom I dependent on how prospero perceives the tasks that have been completed and those that are to be done. Thus, Ariel may never be set free if prospero never feels satisfied. On the other hand, if there is no expectation by a slave of future rewards then the future expectation of rewards is removed and the slave feels only oppression from the master, nothing more. For Caliban is a p rime example. Caliban is not expecting to be set free or have his land restored to him. So Caliban has an extreme hatred for his master, Prospero, which both he can do is curse the man that made him this way, and hope for his demise. All the infections that the sun sucks up from bogs, fens, flats, on Prosper fall, and make him by inchmeal a diseaseHis spirits hear me, and yet I needs must curse(Act... ...ith humanitarian care, and lodged their in mine own cell, till thou didst seek to violate the honour of my child(Act I, Scene II, 343-348). Prospero believed that Caliban had this coming to him, and should he had been a vengeful man could have killed him. From these examples we see that Prospero perceives his power over all since he had spared them from horrible existences and given then a taste of the civilized world. Lastly, Prospero believed so deeply that since he was the first noble to set foot on the island that it was his right to claim it as his own. For before him this isle was nothing till he brought his language, education, and culture to it. For there is a delicate balance between the masterslave relationship, and the slavemaster relationship. Neither can exist without the other. The master laying claim to all that he can survey, and bringing order to those around him as Prospero did for his ailing people. The slave fearing for life, or an expectation that one-day he shall be free to do as he pleases. For this delicate balance cannot be maintained without the two groups co-existing in a state where one need the other for ultimate survival.

The Status of Women in the Work Force After the Fall of Communism in Ea

The Status of Women in the Work Force After the Fall of Communism in Eastern EuropeThe drib of communism in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union marked the end of an era in which official ideology and state polity often masked the reality of citizens lives. This contradiction was particularly acute for women, a group that the Soviet model of communism was intended to emancipate (Basu, 1995 Bystydzienski, 1992 Corrin, 1992 Einhorn, 1993 Millarand and Wolchik, 1994 Nelson and Chowdhury, 1994 Rueshchemeyer, 1994). Under the stalking-horse of Marxist-Leninist ideology, women were accorded an equal right to work and to participate in the building of socialism. The Soviet model, which was imposed to a greater or lesser extent on all of the Eastern European countries, was meant to embody this precept. In order to mobilize women into the work force, the party-state provided numerous social programs--free day care, subsidized school supplies and clothing, guaranteed maternity leave, and near full employment. Women, however, were hardly emancipated through these programs. They were concentrated, with a few notable exceptions, in a pink collar ghetto of low wage and low prestige jobs and often given employment well below their educational qualifications. Moreover, the emancipation accorded them by state officials resulted in an extreme double burden (Basu, 1995 Bystydzienski, 1992 Corrin, 1992 Einhorn, 1993 Millarand and Wolchik, 1994 Nelson and Chowdhury, 1994 Rueschemeyer, 1994). They were expected to suffice both paid and domestic labor, fulfilling most (or all) of the household and parenting duties without modern conveniences. These superwomen worked full-time jobs and then came home to prepare meals and clean... ...Lijphart, Arend. Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method. American semipolitical Science Review. 65 (1971) 682-693. Millarand, James and Wolchik, Sharon, eds. The Social Legacy of Communism. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1994. Nelson, Barbara and Chowdhury, Najma, eds. Women and Politics Worldwide. New Haven Yale University Press, 1994. Przeworski, Adam and (?) Teune. The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York John Wiley Sons, 1970. Rueschemeyer, Marilyn, ed. Women in the Politics of Post-communist Eastern Europe. New York M.E. Sharpe, Inc.,1994 Scheppele, Kim Lane. Womens Rights in Eastern Europe. East European Constitutional Review. Winter 1995. Slay, Ben. Rapid versus Gradual Economic Transition Economics. August 1994. get together Nations Statistical Yearbook, 39th Edition. 1994. Statistical Abstract 1994.

The Status of Women in the Work Force After the Fall of Communism in Ea

The Status of Women in the Work Force After the Fall of Communism in Eastern EuropeThe fall of communism in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union marked the end of an era in which semiofficial ideology and state policy often masked the reality of citizens lives. This contradiction was particularly acute for women, a group that the Soviet model of communism was mean to emancipate (Basu, 1995 Bystydzienski, 1992 Corrin, 1992 Einhorn, 1993 Millarand and Wolchik, 1994 Nelson and Chowdhury, 1994 Rueshchemeyer, 1994). Under the guise of Marxist-Leninist ideology, women were accorded an equal right to work and to participate in the building of socialism. The Soviet model, which was imposed to a greater or lesser extent on all of the Eastern European countries, was meant to embody this precept. In order to mobilize women into the work force, the party-state provided numerous social programs--free day care, subsidize school supplies and clothing, guaranteed maternity leave, and nearly full employment. Women, however, were hardly emancipated through these programs. They were concentrated, with a few notable exceptions, in a pink collar ghetto of paltry wage and low prestige jobs and often given employment well below their educational qualifications. Moreover, the emancipation accorded them by state officials resulted in an extreme prototype burden (Basu, 1995 Bystydzienski, 1992 Corrin, 1992 Einhorn, 1993 Millarand and Wolchik, 1994 Nelson and Chowdhury, 1994 Rueschemeyer, 1994). They were expected to perform both paid and domestic labor, fulfilling most (or all) of the household and parenting duties without modern conveniences. These superwomen worked full-time jobs and then came home to prepare meals and clean... ...Lijphart, Arend. Comparative political sympathies and the Comparative Method. American Political Science Review. 65 (1971) 682-693. Millarand, James and Wolchik, Sharon, eds. The kind Legacy of Communism. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1 994. Nelson, Barbara and Chowdhury, Najma, eds. Women and Politics Worldwide. New Haven Yale University Press, 1994. Przeworski, Adam and (?) Teune. The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York John Wiley Sons, 1970. Rueschemeyer, Marilyn, ed. Women in the Politics of Post-communist Eastern Europe. New York M.E. Sharpe, Inc.,1994 Scheppele, Kim Lane. Womens Rights in Eastern Europe. East European Constitutional Review. Winter 1995. Slay, Ben. Rapid versus Gradual stinting Transition Economics. August 1994. United Nations Statistical Yearbook, 39th Edition. 1994. Statistical Abstract 1994.

Advertising Analysis Essay

Rolex advertise their watches through social media, internet, radio and television. Firstly, Rolex has many a(prenominal) quotes to advertise their watches. For example, If you were speaking here tomorrow, you should get around a Rolex and Rolex live for greatness and the value of era. at any rate that, Rolex also advertise their product by finding worldwide champion of tennis superstar Federer Roger and Ana Ivanovic. Tennis superstar Ana Ivanovic as the gorgeous human face of the new Rolex ladies watches advertisement.The next time you watch a video on YouTube you might find yourself viewing a Rolex advertisement before the content you meant to see. advertizement on YouTube are nothing new but Rolexs participation as a client of YouTube is less than to be expected from the mega-luxury brand. Rolex is often pegged as one of the most valuable luxury brand names in the world. While Rolex does have a very large advertising budget, they are notoriously picky about where they choos e to advertise. Many have claimed them to be quite fanatical about the placement of their advertisement.Working with YouTube is (relatively speaking) a big deal because it removes Rolexs ability to control specific advertisement placement a need luxury advertisers typically covet. It does however allow for Rolex to reach a huge mob of viewers among a range of demographics and signals a major shift in the way conservative advertisers view the way they can reach customers on the internet. consume moreThe 3 Types of Satire EssayFurthermore, Rolex had their profess blogspot.com and magazine for advertising to let their consumer know more updates about their latest watches collection. Magazine advertisement subroutine library by model like datejust, day-date, Daytona, GMT Master, SEA-DWELLER and others. Magazine advertisement by topic like Racing, tennis, golf, concorde, fashion and many more. In addition, Rolex also provide their own video library for customer to view it such as Rol ex Ladies Achievement, Rolex Sport and Culture and etc.That are few messages and symbolization that comes into the consumers mind when they think of Rolex. angiotensin converting enzyme of it is it have a luxurious design. As an example, Rolex is made of mechanism, parachrom hairspring, ceramic bezel and 904L steel and it is also design with white gold, steel and diamond set in it. Since Rolex is Swiss made, the value of the watch will increase year by year and this will make the watch very valuable.There are few messages and symbol that comes into the consumers mind. Rolex have multiple design of watches. Each of the watches have its own specialty. One of it is the Rolex Submariner. It can be water deeper than 300 meters. With rotating outer ring to facilitate the enumeration of time. The next design is Rolex GMT Master. It not only to display two time zones simultaneously the time clock can be independently travel to another time zone, without moving the minute hand and second hand. This is the reason why consumers want to obtain the product by viewing these advertisement from Rolex.Besides that, the messages that comes into consumers minds is Rolex can also bring a fashionable image to the consumer through advertisement. As an example, a poster with a person wearing casual equipage but wearing a Rolex watches, this shows that by just wearing a Rolex watch, it already can make the consumer feel fashionable.Lastly, the messages and symbols that comes into consumers minds is Rolex logo. The Rolex logo is designed like a wind. The logo of Rolex began with a gold/white pileus to illustrate exquisite orexcellence and the green colour of the words. Rolex was to represent money, prosperity and achievement. Aprospicient with the crown image and bold green letters, the use of a modified Garamond typeface has made it one of the most famous logos of all time. There are rumors abound about the Rolex logo two of which are not found anywhere on the Rolex website th at the crown logo represented five fingers or the crown was meant to portray five branches topped in pearls. Whenever consumers sees a crown, it will automatically let consumers think of Rolex, that makes it easy for consumer to remember it.The theory concept of Rolex are character theory. Trait theory is primarily quantitative or empirical as compare to Freudian and Neo-Freudian that are qualitative. Rolex focus on measurement of personality in terms of traits. Consumer that purchasing a Rolex watches feel that they are style of fashion and Rolex get a consumer satisfaction worldwide. Rolex is different from other brand of watches because it have many feature and advantages. So Rolex is suitable using trait theory concept. Trait is any distinguishing, relatively enduring way in which one individual differs from other.The construe image of Rolex are public praise, customer praises and public interest in general about the Rolex watches. Rolex get a consumer satisfaction worldwide w ithin 8.78 infra average score out of 10.00. Since Rolex offers an impressive and luxurious range of watches, many wealthy consumer had a good image of purchasing Rolex watches as collection and wear it.Lastly, Rolex in consumer mind space are considered as Swiss made watches, luxury product, fashion and it can last long. Consumer can use Rolex as long as using other brand watches and it is made of waterproof materials, which saves it from rain or water if by any watch it falls to it. Besides that, Rolex is swiss made watches so that every year the price will increase so that some wealthy consumer will purchase it for self wear and do watches collection.

Formats of Income Statement and Balance Sheet Essay

Income statement In the persona of sole proprietary and partnership concerns there ar no official forms of the income statement and balance sheet. Their preparation is in like manner desirable but not compulsory. However, they are generally prepared. In the case of trading concern, a trading write up and in the case of a manufacturing concern, a manufacturing account and a trading account can also be prepared. In such a case, the account heading is mentioned as follows Manufacturing/trading and value and loss account.In the case of joint transport companies preparation of the profit and loss account and balance sheet every year is compulsory. There is no prescribed form (except in the case of banking and insurance companies) of the income statement or profit and loss account. The account is titled as Profit and loss account The results of manufacturing and trading activities may however, be shown separately in the account. The profit and loss account is usually prepared in a T shape. In the case of joint stock participation, the manufacturing, trading and profit and loss account is prepared in the above format except with three modificationsI.The heading given is altogether Profit and loss account for taxation in the profit and loss account II.The net profit is shown after making provisions for taxation in the profit and loss account III.Figures, for the previous period, if any, have also to be given. Profit and loss appropriation account In the case of joint stock companies, a profit and loss appropriation account is also prepared. It explains as to how the profit earned during the period has been distributed. Balance sheet There is no prescribed form of balance sheet for a sole proprietary or a partnership concern. However, the assets and liabilities may be shown in any of the following instalsI.Liquidity orderII.Permanency Order In case the concern adopts liquidity order, the assets which are more readily convertible into cash are taken into account ab initio and those which are not so readily convertible are taken into account subsequently. Similarly those liabilities which are payable first are taken into account initially and those payable later on are taken into account subsequently and so on. In the case of permanency order, the reverse order is followed. As per the equity applicable to some governments, every balance sheet of a company shall give a true and fair scene of the state of affairs of the company as at the end of the financial year. Similarly, every profit and loss account of a company shall give a true and fair view of the profit or loss account of the company for the financial year.

Shadow Kiss Chapter 18

EighteenEVERYTHING BECAME FUZZY aft(prenominal) that. I had vague impressions of moving in and out of consciousness, of people saying my name, and of existence in the air again. Eventu any(prenominal)y, I woke up in the schools infirmary and found Dr. Olendzki looking down at me.Hello, Rose, she say. She was a middle-aged Moroi and often joked that I was her phone number one patient. How atomic number 18 you feeling?The details of what had happened came prickle. The faces. Mason. The a nonher(prenominal) ghosts. The terrible pain in my head. All of it was gone.Fine, I said, half- move to be saying those words. For a moment, I wondered if peradventure it had all been a dream. Then I looked beyond her and adage Dimitri and Alberta looming nearby. The looks on their faces told me the heretoforets on the plane had indeed been true(a).Alberta cleared her throat, and Dr. Olendzki glanced back. May we? Alberta asked. The doctor nodded, and the other two stepped forward.Dimitri, as always, was a balm to me. No matter what happened, I always felt a little safer in his presence. Yet even he hadnt been commensurate to stop what had happened at the airport. When he looked at me like he was presently, with an expression of such tenderness and concern, it triggered mixed feelings. Part of me loved that he cared so much. The other part extremityed to be strong for him and didnt fatality to make him worry.Rose began Alberta un acceptedly. I could tell she had no clue how to go close to this. What had happened was beyond her commonwealth of experience. Dimitri overlyk over.Rose, what happened back on that point? Before I could utter a word, he cut me off. And do not say it was nothing this time.Well, if I couldnt fall back on that answer, then I didnt go through what to say.Dr. Olendzki pushed her glasses up the bridge of her nose. We whole want to help you.I dont need any help, I said. Im fine. I sounded on the nose like Brandon and Brett. I was probably only one step away from saying, I fell.Alberta finally regained herself. You were fine when we were in the air. When we landed, you were most definitely not fine.Im fine now, I replied stonily, not meeting their eyes.What happened then? she asked. why the screaming? What did you wet when you said we needed to make them go away?I in brief considered my other fallback answer, the one more or less idiom. That sounded completely stupid now. So, again, I said nothing. To my surprise, I felt tears build up in my eyes.Rose, murmured Dimitri, juncture as soft as silk against my skin. Please.Something in that cracked me. It was so hard for me to stand against him. I turned my head and stared at the ceiling.Ghosts, I whispered. I saw ghosts.None of them had expect that, unless honestly, how could they mystify? Heavy silence fell. Finally, Dr. Olendzki spoke in a faltering voice.W-what do you mean?I swallowed. Hes been following me for the exsert couple of weeks. Mason. On campus. I fuck it sounds crazy but its him. Or his ghost. Thats what happened with Stan. I locked up because Mason was there, and I didnt know what to do. On the plane I call in he was there too and others. But I couldnt exactly see them when we were in the air. Just glimpses and the headache. But when we landed in Martinville, he was there in full form. And and he wasnt alone. There were others with him. Other ghosts. A tear escaped from my eye, and I hastily wiped at it, hoping none of them had seen it.I waited then, not convinced(predicate) what to expect. Would mortal laugh? Tell me I was crazy? Accuse me of lying and demand to know what had really happened?Did you know them? Dimitri asked finally.I turned back and rattling met his eyes. They were button up serious and concerned, no mockery. Yeah I saw some of skippers guardians and the people from the massacre. LissasLissas family was there too.Nobody said anything after that. They all scarce sorting of exchanged glances, hop ing perhaps that one of the others might shed light on all this.Dr. Olendzki sighed. Could I speak with the two of you privately?The terzetto of them stepped out of the examining room, closure the door behind them. Only it didnt quite catch. Scrambling off the bed, I crossed the room and stood by the door. The tiny crack was just enough for my dhampir hearing to nibble up the conversation. I felt bad well-nigh eavesdropping, but they were talking most me, and I couldnt shake the feeling that my future was on the line here. patent whats freeing on, hissed Dr. Olendzki. It was the first time Id ever heard her sound so irate. With patients, she was the picture of serenity. It was hard to imagine her angry, but she was cl wee pissed off now. That scurvy girl. Shes undergoing post-traumatic stress disorder, and its no wonder after allthing thats happened.Are you sure? asked Alberta. Maybe its something else But as her words trailed off, I could tell she didnt really know of anyt hing else that would apologize it.Look at the facts a teenage girl who witnessed one of her friends getting killed and then had to kill his killer. You dont deem thats traumatic? You dont pretend that might have had the tiniest accomplishment on her?Tragedy is something all guardians have to deal with, said Alberta.Maybe theres not much to be done for guardians in the field, but Rose is noneffervescent a student here. There are resources that can help her.Like what? asked Dimitri. He sounded curious and concerned, not like he was challenging her.Counseling. Talking to soulfulness about what happened can do worlds of practised. You should have done that as soon as she got back. You should do it for the others who were with her while youre at it. wherefore doesnt anyone think of these things?Its a good idea, said Dimitri. I recognized the tone in his voice his mind was spinning. She could do it on her day off.Day off? More like every day. You should pull her from this entire field experience. Fake Strigoi attacks are not the way to recover from a real one.No I had pushed open the door to begin with I realized it. They all stared at me, and I immediately felt stupid. Id just busted myself for spying.Rose, said Dr. Olendzki, returning to her caring (but slightly chastising) doctor mode. You should go lie down.Im fine. And you cant make me quit the field experience. I wont graduate if you do.You arent well, Rose, and theres nothing to be ashamed of after whats happened to you. Thinking youre eyesight the ghost of someone who died isnt too out there when you consider the circumstances.I started to correct her on the thinking youre seeing part but then bit it off. Arguing that Id really seen a ghost wasnt probably going to do me any favors, I decided, even if I was starting to effrontery that was exactly what I was seeing. Frantically, I tried to think of a convincing reason to stay in the field experience. I was usually pretty good at talking myself ou t of bad situations.Unless youre going to put me in counseling 24/7, youre just going to make it worse. I need something to do. Most of my classes are on hold right now. What would I do? Sit around? Think more and more about what happened? Ill go crazy for real. I dont want to sit on the past forever. I need to get moving with my future.This threw them into an argument about what to do with me. I listened, biting my tongue, knowing I needed to stay out of it. Finally, with some kvetch from the doctor, they all decided I would go on half-time for the field experience.It proved to be the ideal compromise for everyone well, except me. I just wanted life to go on exactly as it had. Still, I knew this was probably as good a deal as Id get. They decided that Id do three days of field experience a week, with no night duties. During the other days, Id have to do some training and whatever book endure they dug up for me.Id too have to see a counselor, which I wasnt thrilled about. It wa snt that I had anything against counselors. Lissa had been seeing one, and it had been really useful for her. Talking things out helped. It was justwell, this was just something I didnt want to talk about.But if it came down to this or being kicked out of the field experience, I was more than happy to go with this. Alberta felt they could still justify casual me on half-time. She also liked the idea of having counseling going on at the similar time I was dealing with fake Strigoi attacks just in case they really were traumatizing.After a bit more examination, Dr. Olendzki gave me a clean bill of health and told me I could go back to my dorm. Alberta left after that, but Dimitri stuck around to walk me back.Thanks for thinking of the half-time thing, I told him. The walkways were wet today because the weather had warmed up after the storm. It wasnt bathing grammatical case weather or anything, but a lot of the ice and snow were melting. Water dripped steadily from trees, and we h ad to sidestep puddles.Dimitri came to an abrupt stop and turned so that he stood right in front of me, blocking my path. I skidded to a halt, nearly running into him. He r to each oneed out and grabbed my arm, pulling me closer to him than I would have expected him to do in public. His fingers bit deep into me, but they didnt hurt.Rose, he said, the pain in his voice making my heart stop, this shouldnt have been the first time I heard about this Why didnt you tell me? Do you know what it was like? Do you know it was like for me to see you like that and not know what was fortuity? Do you know how scared I was?I was stunned, both from his outburst and our proximity. I swallowed, unable to speak at first. There was so much on his face, so many emotions. I couldnt recall the last time Id seen that much of him on display. It was wonderful and frightening at the same time. I then said the stupidest thing possible.Youre not scared of anything.Im scared of lots of things. I was scared for you. He released me, and I stepped back. There was still passion and worry written all over him. Im not perfect. Im not invulnerable.I know, its just I didnt know what to say. He was right. I always saw Dimitri as larger than life. All-knowing. Invincible. It was hard for me to believe that he could worry about me so much. And this has been going on for a long time too, he added. It was going on with Stan, when you were talking to Father Andrew about ghosts you were dealing with it this whole time Why didnt you tell anyone? Why didnt you tell Lissa or me?I stared into those dark, dark eyes, those eyes I loved. Would you have believed me?He frowned. Believed what?That Im seeing ghosts.Well they arent ghosts, Rose. You only think they are because Thats why, I interrupted. Thats why I couldnt tell you or anybody. Nobody would believe me, not without thinking Im crazy.I dont think youre crazy, he said. But I think youve been through a lot. Adrian had said almost the exact same thin g when I asked him how I could tell if I was crazy or not.Its more than that, I said. I started walking again.Without even taking another step, he reached out and grabbed me once more. He pulled me back to him, so that we now stood even closer than before. I glanced uneasily around again, wondering if someone might see us, but the campus was deserted. It was early, not quite sunset, so early that most people probably werent even up for the school day yet. We wouldnt see activity around here for at least another hour. Still, I was surprised to see Dimitri was still risking it.Tell me then, he said. Tell me how its more than that.You wont believe me, I said. Dont you get it? No one will. Even you of all people. Something in that thought do my voice catch. Dimitri understood so much about me. I wanted needed him to understand this too.Ill search. But I still dont think you really understand whats happening to you.I do, I said firmly. Thats what no one realizes. Look, you have to de cide once and for all if you really do trust me. If you think Im a child, too na?ve to get whats going on with her fragile mind, then you should just keep walking. But if you trust me enough to mobilise that Ive seen things and know things that kind of surpass those of others my agewell, then you should also realize that I might know a little about what Im talking about.A lukewarm breeze, damp with the scent of melted snow, swirled around us. I do trust you, Roza. But I dont believe in ghosts.The earnestness was there. He did want to reach out to me, to understandbut even as he did, it warred with beliefs he wasnt ready to change yet. It was ironic, considering tarot cards apparently spooked him.Will you try to? I asked. Or at the very least try not to write this off to some psychosis?Yes. That I can do.So I told him about my first couple of Mason sightings and how Id been afraid to explain the Stan incident to anyone. I talked about the shapes Id seen on the plane and described in more detail what Id seen on the ground.Doesnt it seem kind of, um, specific for a random stress reaction? I asked when I finished.I dont know that you can really expect stress reactions to be random or specific. Theyre unpredictable by nature. He had that thoughtful expression I knew so well, the one that told me he was turning over all sorts of things in his head. I could also tell that he still wasnt buying this as a real ghost story but that he was nerve-wracking very hard to keep an open mind. He affirmed as much a moment later Why are you so certain these arent just things youre imagining?Well, at first I thought I was imagining it all. But now I dont know. Theres something about it that feels real even though I know that isnt actually evidence. But you heard what Father Andrew said about ghosts sticking around after they die young or violently.Dimitri actually bit his lip. Hed been about to tell me not to take the priest literally. Instead he asked, So you think Masons bac k for revenge?I thought that at first, but now Im not so sure. Hes never tried to hurt me. He just seems like he wants something. And then all those other ghosts seemed to want something too even the ones I didnt know. Why?Dimitri gave me a sage look. You have a theory.I do. I was thinking about what Victor said. He mentioned that because Im shadow-kissed because I died I have a connection to the world of the dead. That Ill never entirely leave it behind me.His expression hardened. I wouldnt put a lot of stock in what Victor Dashkov tells you.But he knows things You know he does, no matter how big an asshole he is.Okay, supposing thats true, that being shadow-kissed lets you see ghosts, why is it happening now? Why didnt it happen right after the car accident?I thought of that, I said eagerly. It was something else Victor said that now that I was dealing in death, I was that much closer to the other side. What if causing someone elses death strengthened my connection and now m akes this possible? I just had my first real kill. Kills, even.Why is it so haphazard? asked Dimitri. Why does it occur when it does? Why the airplane? Why not at Court?My enthusiasm dimmed a little. What are you, a lawyer? I snapped. You question everything Im saying. I thought you were going to have an open mind.I am. But you need to too. Think about it. Why this pattern of sightings?I dont know, I admitted. I sagged in defeat. You still think Im crazy.He reached out and cupped my chin, tipping my face up to look at his. No. Never. not one of these theories makes me think youre crazy. But Ive always believed the simplest explanation makes sense. Dr. Olendzkis does. The ghost one has holes. But, if you can find out morethen we may have something to work with.We? I asked.Of course. Im not leaving you alone on this, no matter what. You know Id never abandon you.There was something very sweet and noble about his words, and I felt the need to return them, though mostly I ended up sound ing idiotic. And I wont ever abandon you, you know. I mean it not that this stuff ever happens to you, of course, but if you start seeing ghosts or anything, Ill help you through it.He gave a small, soft laugh. Thanks.Our hands found each others, fingers lacing together. We stood like that for almost a full minute, neither of us saying anything. The only place we touched was our hands. The breeze picked up again, and although the temperature was probably only in the forties, it felt like spring to me. I expected flowers to burst into bloom around us. As though sharing the same thought, we released our hands at the same time.We reached my dorm shortly after that, and Dimitri asked if Id be okay going in on my own. I told him Id be fine and that he should go do his own thing. He left, but just as I was about to step through the lobby door, I realized my overnight bag was still back at the med clinic. Muttering a few things that would have gotten me a detention, I turned around and hur ried back in the direction Id just come.Dr. Olendzskis receptionist motioned me toward the examining rooms when I told her why I was there. I retrieved the bag from my now-empty room and turned into the hall to leave. Suddenly, in the room opposite mine, I saw someone lying in bed. There was no sign of any of the clinics staff, and my curiosity always getting the better of me made me peek inside.It was Abby Badica, a senior Moroi. cunning and perky were the adjectives that usually came to mind when I described Abby, but this time, she was anything but. She was bruised and scratched up, and when she turned her face to look at me, I saw red welts.Let me guess, I said. You fell.W-what?You fell. I hear thats the standard answer Brandon, Brett, and Dane. But Ill tell you the truth you guys need to come up with something else. I think the doctors getting suspicious.Her eyes went wide. You know?It was then that I realized my mistake with Brandon. Id come at him demanding answers, which had made him reluctant to share anything. Those whod questioned Brett and Dane had faced similar results. With Abby, I realized that I just had to act like I already knew the answers, and then shed give up the information.Of course I know. They told me everything.What? she squeaked. They swore not to. Its part of the rules.Rules? What was she talking about? The royal-bashing vigilante pigeonholing Id been picturing didnt really seem like the type to have rules. There was something else going on here.Well, they didnt have much of a choice. I dont know why, but I keep finding you guys afterward. I had to help cover for them. Im telling you, I dont know how much longer this can go on without someone asking more questions. I spoke like I was a sympathizer, wanting to help if I could.I should have been stronger. I tried, but it wasnt enough. She looked drop and in pain. Just keep quiet until everythings set, okay? Please?Sure, I said, dying to know what shed tried. Im not going to dr ag anyone else in. Howd you even end up here? Youre supposed to avoid attracting attention. Or so I assumed. I was totally making this up as I went along.She grimaced. The dorm matron noticed and made me come in. If the rest of the Man? finds out, Im going to get in trouble.Hopefully the doctorll send you on your way before any of them find out. Shes kind of busy. Youve got the same marks as Brett and Brandon, and none of theirs were that serious. So I hoped. Theuh, burn marks were a little tricky, but they havent had any problems.It was a gamble in my biz here. Not only did I have no clue about the specifics of Bretts injuries, I also didnt actually know if those marks Jill had described on him were burns. If they werent, I might have just blown my insider act. But, she didnt correct me, and her fingers absentmindedly touched one of the welts.Yeah, they said the damage wouldnt last. Ill just have to make up something for Olendzki. A small flicker of hope shone in her eyes. They sa id they wouldnt, but maybemaybe theyll let me try again.It was at that moment that the good doctor returned. She was surprised to see me still there and told me I needed to get back home and rest. I said goodbye to both of them and trekked back out into the cold. I barely noticed the weather as I walked, though. Finally, finally, I had a clue in this puzzle. Man?.

Problems Faced by Women in the 1880s

During the 1880s, many women faced difficulties because of gender issues. Because of this, females were sometimes described as weak, emotional, and oerreacting. As well, it was believed that they did non match the same qualifications as with men in certain work fields. Women who were hired as hired girls back in the 1880s had little rule over their earnings. They also believed that their employer would take care of them and would non hurt them. But due to the disadvantages that they had and what they believed in, the employers often took these weaknesses for granted and benefited from them.These women often faced the danger of sexual molestation by their male employer and/or by other brutal men because of their weaknesses such as they could non disrespect their bosses and they did not have the strength to adjure back. Women, at that time, did not have much opportunity to pursue a higher education, which caused a lack of qualified female workers during the 1880s. Most of the wom en were hired as servants, farmers, or factory workers. In contrast, married women took care of their families and served their husbands.Indeed, women had faced many difficulties since that time because of their gender disadvantages. My Antonia showed many situations that girls were often used as tools by the nation in their work fields. Moreover, women workers back in the 1880s did not have the same amount of wages as men did even when they performed the same duties. The women who had jobs did not have the chance to enjoy their earnings because they had to send it to their families in order to help with the family expenses.They had to keep very little for their own living. The same was true with the married women who became housewives just to serve their husbands while raising and taking care of their children because their earnings also went to their husbands and children. In My Antonia, Antonia was taken advantage of by Ambrosch because he took her wages and Antonia could not d o anything about it because he was her boss. Lena also did not have the authority over her wages because she had to provide the financial support to her family.Neither of the girls had control over their earnings, and had no power to spend the earnings for their own needs. Among all of the risks that women had faced during the 1880s, the most challenging was sexual harassment. This easily occurred because women were physically weak to resist the advances of their bosses, coworkers, or even husbands. Women back in the 1880s can be simply raped and sexually harassed at all places including the farm, factory, or even at home.The sexual harassments often resulted in favoring the suspects, and blaming the victims for their misconducts that had caused the unlucky event. For example, in My Antonia, Antonia almost became a rape victim when she was approached by her boss, Mr. Cutter, who was going to sexually abuse her. And in other case, Antonia was fired due to her misconducts while danci ng and parting, which attracted the men in the parties. These showed that there were really aspects that were against womens behavior and social order.Willa Cather compared the condition of cosmos raped as being ruined. Comparing the working conditions and social issues that were addressed in the 1880s to the present, there are changes but it had not been completely solved. Nowadays, we have more legal accusative that protects women against hostility from unnecessary forces. Nevertheless, it is still common that women are viewed to be weak and sexual harassment issues still appears to be common. Also, gender discrimination still exists today.

Lakme Cosmetics Essay

Lakme is star of the cosmetic brands of the Unilever Bangladesh Ltd offers to the print market. The survey has been conducted to know cognitive components, affective components and behavioural components of the consumers in Dhaka urban center. Our sample size is 50. These respondents ar from different passe-partout such as Student, lady of the house, Private Service holder, Public gain holder and other professions. Among 50 respondents, 31 or 62% respondents atomic number 18 from the age of 16 years to 25years, 16 respondents from 26 to 35 and 3 respondents from 36 to 45 years and 31 respondents from 16 to 25 years use outline, 16 respondents from 26 to 35 years use lip rouge and lastly 3 respondents from 36 to 45 respondents use lipstick. Maximum respondents are from lower higher carve up. check to our research 50% of the total respondents go to beauty parlor once a month, somewhat 12% of the respondents go in two ways a month, 18% of the respondents go twice a week , 6% of the respondents go once a week, 7% of the respondents go not in fix sentence interval. 36% of the total respondents watch TV or movies.In case of clouding habit 54% of the respondents buy lipstick once a month, about 18% of the respondents buy lipstick twice an month, around 12% of the respondents buy lipstick twice a week and 16% of the respondents buy lipstick in different occasions. The respondents are a bit colorful, Organized, Moderate stylish, changing oriented, a bit youthful, somewhat rational, a bit formal, like to dominate, little bit calm. The ceremonious memory of the lakme is quite positive. Respondents perceive the lakme lipstick as Hygienic, Modern Outlook, Long Lasting, Fascinating, B duty, Color, Elegance, Distinct, High Price, High Class, Prestigious, Assured Quality, Fantastic, Satisfaction, and Best Quality. According to perceptual mapping Lakme has a strong brand image than Revlon and Loreal.Since weighted mean of lakme is 0.326 and the weighed mean o f Revlon is 0.562 Lakme is closer to Ideal brand than Revlon and thus positionings toward Lakme lipstick very favorable than attitudes toward Revlon lipsticks. Lakme has favorable emotion towards its lipstick. As per our research about 54% of the lead market use Lakme and just about of them leave alone buy it next date. So it reveals the positive behavioral components of attitude in the mind of the consumers. Finally Lakme stand change the cognitive attitudes by changing belief, adding belief, shifting importanceand changing ideal and through classical conditioning, unmingled exposure lakme can change the affective components of customers. And operant conditioning needs to alter behavioral components of the consumers.Background of the Report Our course instructor Mr, Farhan Faruqui has recommended us to deck out a plow on Lakme which bequeath be regarded as the term paper for the Spring 2008 semester on the 7th April 2008. The cover up was supposed to find linkage amon g real-life advertisements by Lakme lipstick and the theories taught in the classes of the course of Consumer Behavior.Statement of the problem the report give try to answer the following questions Is Bangladesh Unilever Ltd, applying the theories of Consumer Behavior in their Marketing activities? atomic number 18 the methods effective? Do the consumers like their marketing activities? What is Lakme lipsticks position compared to other brands? What else Unilever Bangladesh Ltd could do to ensure future success?Statement of Purpose the report will serve the following purposes Defining the practical application of theories of consumer behavior evident in Lakme lipsticks marketing activities. Explaining the effectiveness of Lakme lipsticks marketing activities. Presenting a total picture regarding consumer feedback and responses. Describing lakme lipsticks position in the market. Proposing few suggestions for lakme lipsticks that will ensure long-term success for Lakme.Scope of the report this report has been prepared with in the following parameters The Report covers the marketing activities for Lipstick offered by Lakme by Unilever Bangladesh. Throughout the survey, emphasis was given to fe male members of the market. The Report is primarily based on customer feedback derived from the survey which might not represent the actual information due to sampling error. The survey isconducted in the Dhaka city as well as other developed cities.Methodology this marketing report has been prepared based on primary data. This is basically a soft analysis. We have chosen non-comparative scaling technique because we wanted to measure the influence of each and every factor. Only by Non-comparative scaling technique we can do that. And among two types non-comparative technique we used itemize technique and between three itemize techniques we took Likert scaling for Affective components and semantic scale for cognitive components which range from 1 to 5 point scaling.Then a fter screening we have finally set sets of questions in our questionnaire. Our target population has been the female of Dhaka city and other developed cities in Bangladesh. We have chosen probability sampling. We are quartet members in our group. As we have been assigned to collect data, we have gone to the target market and got the questionnaires filled up by the females. And to analyze to data we use SPSS application. We analyze data by frequency distribution, different types of diagram and multiple variables comparison. limitationLike every research it has also some limitation. Among them time is the most significant constraint that affected our research very much. Within this nearsighted time it s was quite impossible to make this sort of research. We had only around 15 days to prepare a research which is quite impossible. Among the other constraints next significant was target market who was reluctant to fill the questionnaires. The product has been a low-involvement one so t arget market has been reluctant to answer them. at that place has been a lack of co-ordination among the group member. May be data does not represent the actual population.Organizational BackgroundThis division will provide a short description concerning the Unilever Bangladesh ltd. The segment will include the following topics- company background, thrill statement, company objectives, company location. confederacy BackgroundThe origin dates back to 1964, when the first Manufacturing trading operations were set up as a part of Lever Brothers Pakistan operations. After independence, it was in incorporated as a separate Company under the laws of Bangladesh. Later on the Company diversified into different categories. Unilever is a multinational company but for our term paper we are interest in Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. Over the last four decades, Unilever Bangladesh has been constantly bringing new and world-class products for the Bangladeshi people to remove the daily drudgery of life.Over 90% of the countrys households use one or to a greater extent of Unilevers products. Unilever Bangladesh conducts their operations with honesty, integrity and openness, and with respect for the human rights and interests of their employees. They will similarly respect the legitimate interests of those with whom they have dealinghips. Unilever companies and their employees are required to espouse with the laws and regulations of the countries in which they operate.EmployeesUnilever is committed to diversity in a working environment where there is mutual trust and respect and where everyone feels responsible for the performance and reputation of their company. They will recruit, employ and promote employees on the sole basis of the qualifications and abilities needed for the work to be performed. They are committed to safe and healthy working conditions for all employees. They will not use any form of forced, compulsory or child labor. They are committed to working with em ployees to develop and enhance each individuals skills and capabilities. They respect the dignity of the individual and the right of employees to freedom of association.They will chief(prenominal)tain good communications with employees through company based information and consultation procedures. Unilever operations in Bangladesh provide employment to over 10,000 people without delay and through its dedicated suppliers, distributors and service providers. 99.5% of UBL employees are locals and they have equal number of Bangladeshis working afield in other Unilever companies as expatriatesConsumersUnilever is committed to providing mark products and services whichconsistently offer value in terms of price and quality, and which are safe for their think use. Products and services will be accurately and properly labeled, advertised and communicated.ShareholdersUnilever will conduct its operations in accordance with internationally accepted principles of good corporate governance. They will provide timely, regular and reliable information on their activities, structure, financial situation and performance to all shareholders.Business partnersUnilever is committed to establishing mutually beneficial relations with their suppliers, customers and business partners. In their business dealings they expect their partners to adhere to business principles consistent with their own.Community involvementUnilever strives to be a trusted corporate citizen and, as an integral part of society, to fulfill their responsibilities to the societies and communities in which they operate.Public activitiesUnilever companies are encouraged to promote and defend their legitimate business interests. Unilever will co-operate with governments and other organizations, both directly and through bodies such as trade associations, in the development of proposed legislation and other regulations which whitethorn affect legitimate business interests. Unilever neither supports political part ies nor contributes to the finances of groups whose activities are calculated to promote party interests.The environmentUnilever is committed to making continuous improvements in the management of their environmental impact and to the longer-term goal of developing a sustainable business. Unilever will work in partnership with others to promote environmental care, increase understanding of environmental issues and disseminate good practice.CompetitionUnilever believes in mobile yet fair competition and supports the development of appropriate competition laws. Unilever companies and employees will conduct their operations in accordance with the principles of fair competition and all applicable regulations.Business integrityUnilever does not give or receive, whether directly or indirectly, bribes or other improper advantages for business or financial gain. No employee may offer, give or receive any gift or payment which is, or may be construed as being, a bribe. Any demand for, or of fer of, a bribe must be rejected immediately and reported to management. Unilever accounting records and supporting documents must accurately describe and reflect the disposition of the underlying transactions. No undisclosed or unrecorded account, fund or asset will be established or maintained.Mission StatementOur mission is to add Vitality to life. We meet everyday needs for nutrition, hygiene and personal care with brands that help people look good, feel good and get more out of life. This is the mission statement of the Unilever Bangladesh Ltd.BrandsUnilever Bangladesh has several brands in the market. Those are Wheel, Lux, Lifebuoy, Fair & Lovely, Ponds, Close Up, Sunsilk, Lipton Taaza, Pepsodent, Clear, Vim, Surf Excel, Rexona, Dove, Vaseline & Lakme.Type of businessFast Moving Consumer Goods Company with local manufacturing facilities, reporting to regional business groups for innovation and business results.ConstitutionAuthority of the conducting the company is still in ha nd of Unilever.Unilever owns 60.75% of the total share and Bangladesh government owns 39.25% of the total shareObjectiveTheir purpose in Unilever is to meet the everyday needs of people everywhere to anticipate the aspirations their consumers and customers and to respond creatively and competitively with branded products and services which raise the quality of life.Their deep roots in local cultures and markets around the world are their unparalleled inheritance and the foundation for their future growth. They will bring their wealth of knowledge and international expertise to the service of local consumers a truly multi-local multinational company.Their long-term success requires a total committedness to exceptional standards of performance and productivity, to working together effectively and to a willingness to embrace new ideas and learn continuously.They believe that to succeed requires the highest standards of corporate behavior towards their employees, consumers and the so cieties and world in which they live. This is Unilevers road to sustainable, profitable growth for their business and long-term value creation for their shareholders and employees..Company LocationThe company has a Soap Manufacturing factory and a Personal Products Factory located in Chittagong. Besides these, there is a tea packaging operation in Chittagong and three manufacturing units in Dhaka, which are have and run by third parties exclusively dedicated to Unilever BangladeshTarget Market Parameters1. Demographic FactorsDemography is the scientific view of characteristics and dynamics pertainingto the human population. The characteristics encompassed by this study include size, growth rate, density, vital statistics, and distribution of a specified population. Demography is widely used for miscellaneous purposes and can encompass small, targeted populations or mass populations. The target market can be divided based on demographic variables. Demographic variables encompasses various aspect of an human such as Age, Gender, Family size, Family lifecycle, baby-boomers, Income, Occupation, Education, Ethnicity, Nationality, Religion, Social class etc. To be successful as marketer one must understand the demographic factors of the population.1.1 Age and Sex Normally consumers needs and wants change with age. There are certain types of products which attract different types of aged people as well as different sex. There some product which attract male people and there are some products which get the attention of female people. In the same one there are some products which get attracted by the mature people and there are other types of product which attract the child. Therefore products like Lipstick attract the female people or segment. In case of Lakme lipstick the target market is urban female and other developed cities like Dhaka, Shylet, Chittagong e.t.c. although the targeted age is somewhere between 16 years and 45 years. It may be seen that male are b uying the lipstick but the ultimate users are female. As a result our majority of targeted respondents are female. The harmonize of the male and female respondents in the survey is like this. grade1.1 Gender analysisAccording to Figure 1.1 the majority of the respondents are Female. Among 50 respondent female is 43 in case of percentage about 86% of the total sample. So from this Figure 1.1 it can be understood that the survey has been got answered by right people.Figure 1.2 Age analysisFigure1.2 is showing the age structure which has been used for our survey. Among 50 respondents, 31 or 62% respondents are from the age of 16 years to25years, 16 respondents from26 to 35 and 3 respondents from 36 to 45 years. These respondents will give us the information about Lakme lipstick. They will inform us about Cognitive component, affective component as well as behavioral component of the Lakme lipstick. They will differentiate the lakme among the various lipsticks. Form their responses we will be able to understand the various aspect our research topic.Figure 1.3 Frequency of BrandAccording figure 1.2 among 50 respondents, 31 respondents from 16 to 25 years use lipstick, 16 respondents from 26 to 35 years use lipstick and lastly 3 respondents from 36 to 45 respondents use lipstick. So here we see the prime customer of lipstick is the people who fall in the range from 16 to 25. so Unilever Bangladesh Ltd should pay more attention on this segment as well as the segment range from 26 to 35.1.2 Occupation the purchasing behavior depends on the occupation of the individual. For our research we are simply interested about humankind service, private service, student, Housewife and for making our questionnaire non force we have kept an option blank.Figure 1.4 Occupation analysisAmong 50 respondents, 25 are students, 17 are private service holders, 5 are public service holders. 1 is housewife and 2 are others. In case of percentages about 50% of the total respondents are stu dents, 2% are housewife, 34% are private service holders, 10% are public service holders and 4% are from other occupation. So we have targeted the right people who generally use or buy lipsticks. The Unilever Bangladesh Ltd needs to beserious about customer like student because this is the big portion of the lipstick users. Students basically use or buy lipstick frequently. They are the main customer of the lipstick. The Unilever Bangladesh Ltd has other potential segment like Private Service professional and public service professional to pay the attention. Because this second and third highest portion of the target market. These segments would be a profitable one for Lakme.Figure 1.5 Brand harmonise to occupationAccording to above table 25 students use lipstick , 1 housewife uses lipstick, 17 Private service holders use lipstick, 5 public service holder use lipstick and 1 respondent from other profession use lipstick. So Lakme should seriously consider the segment of student sinc e it is the main target market, the private service professionals as it is a great potential segment for Lakme and public service professionals.1.3 Social Gathering the respondents of the target market are generally do not like to attend the social gathering very often.Figure 1.6 Social gatheringAccording to our research about 44% of respondent are generally attend the social gather once a month, around 34% of the respondents attend social gathering twice a month, 10% of the respondents are attend different time, 2%, 2% and 8% of the respondents attend the social gathering once a week, more than 4 a month and less than once a month respectively. Since they do not attend the social gathering the Lakme can organize a informal chats or road show with its target market to get the feedback and to spread the positive attributes of Lakme lipstick to others.1.4 Income Purchasing ability depends on the individual income. People tend to buy more who has very high income. It is proven that hig her class of the society buys more than another. In our survey there are 16% respondents have the income 40000 and above, 24% respondents have the income between 30000 to 40000, 30% respondents have the income between 20000 to 30000 and 14%, 14% and 2% of the total respondents have the income somewhere between ten thousand to 20000, below 10000 and no income respectively.Figure 1.7 Distribution of the incomeAccording to figure 1.6 among 50 respondents, 8 respondents have the income of 40000 and above, 12 respondents have income between 30000 to 40000, 15 respondents have the income between 20000 to 30000, 7 respondents have the income between 10000 to 20000, 7 respondents have the income less than 10000 and 1 respondent does not have any income.Figure 1.8 Buying behavior according to incomeThe individuals have the income 20000 to 30000 are very much eager to buy lipstick The target market who have income 30000 to 40000 and above 40000 are also interested to buy the lipstick. So Lak me should maintain the customer segment of who have income between 20000 and 30000 and also to influence the segment like who have income between 30000 and 40000 and above 40000. vacuous Member of the target market does have variety in their leisure time. They just make them busy with numerous activities which they do often.Figure 1.9 Leisure activitiesAccording to figure 1.8 most of our target markets spend their time at home during the leisure time and some of them tend to go out in the leisure time. From above frequency distribution it has been found that about 36% of the total respondent watch TV or movies during the leisure time, about 16% of the respondents go to parties or concerts at leisure time, 2% play computer games, 10% of the respondents read story books at the leisure time, 6% of the respondents play outdoor games, 12% of the respondents hangout with their friends, 12% of the respondents read newspaper at the leisure time, 2% of the respondent travel at the leisure ti me and 2% of the total respondents do other thing during the leisure time. it is clear that most of the respondents enjoy their leisure time by watching TV or movies. So TV and electronic media has become main source of entertainment of the target markets.As idiot box has become the main source of entertainment at leisure time, Marketer can easily reach the target market. Newspaper can be an effective to reach the target markets. Unilever Bangladesh can publish or put their advertisement into those Television and Newspaper to efficiently manipulate the target markets.Going beauty parlor Every one likes to be looked beautiful. In case of female this statement is the most appropriate one. The female segments like to go to Beauty parlor.

The Emerging Trends or Challenges in the Management of Organizations

The Emerging Trends or Challenges in the Management of Organizations The Emerging Trends or Challenges in the Management of Organizations INTRODUCTION Organizational Behavior studies handle the study of organizations from multiple viewpoints, methods, and levels of analysis. Whenever battalion interact in organizations, many factors come into play. Modern organisational studies attempt to ensure and model these factors. Like all modernist kind sciences, organizational studies seek to control, predict, and explain. There is some contr all oversy over the ethics of controlling drillers behavior.As such, organizational behavior has at times been accused of being the scientific tool of the powerful. Those accusations notwithstanding, Organizational behavior can buoy play a major role in organizational development and success. One of the main goals of organizational theorists is, agree to Simms (1994) to revitalize organizational theory and develop a better conceptualization of org anizational life. An organizational theorist should c arfully consider levels assumptions being made in theory, and is concerned to help curbrs and administrators. 1 Organizational behavior is currently a growing field.Organizational studies departments generally form part of dividing line schools, although many universities also call for industrial psychology and industrial economics programs. The field is gameyly influential in the business world. Organizational behavior is becoming to a greater extent important in the planetary economy as hoi polloi with diverse backgrounds and cultural values need to polish off up together effectively and efficiently. It is also under increasing criticism as a field for its ethnocentric and pro-capitalist assumptions. Views on management ache changed substantially over the past century particularly in the past few decades.Organizations have entered a refreshing era characterized by rapid, dramatic and turbulent changes. The acceler ated pace of change has transformed how work is performed by employees in diverse organizations. modification has truly become an inherent and integral part of organizational life. Several acclivitous trends are impacting organizational life. Of these emerging trends, five will be examined in this paper globalization, assortment, flexibility, flat, and networks. These five emerging trends create tensitys for organizational leaders and employees as they go through waves of changes in their organizations.These tensions present opportunities as nearly as threats, and if these tensions are not managed well, they will result in dysfunctional and dire organizational outcomes at the end of any change litigate. CHALLENGES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ORGANIZATIONS GLOBALIZATION Organizations buy the farm in a global economy that is characterized by great and more intense competition, and at the same time, greater economic interdependence and collaboration. More products and operate are bei ng consumed external of their country of origin than ever before as globalization brings about greater convergence in monetary value of consumer tastes and preferences.Yet at the same time, in the midst of greater convergence, in that respect is the opposite force of divergence at work where companies have to correct corporate and business strategies, trade plans, and production efforts to local domestic food markets. To stay belligerent, more organizations are embracing mangleshore outsourcing. Many functions are being shifted to India, the Philippines, Malaysia, and other countries for their low labor be, noble levels of workforce education, and technological advantages.According to the 2002-2003 Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) Workplace Forecast, companies such as Ford, General Motors, and Nestle employ more people outside of their headquarters countries than within those countries. 1 Almost any company, whether in manufacturing or services, can find some p art of its work that can be done off site. Communication and information sharing are occurring a shroud the globe in multiple languages and multiple cultures. Global competition and global cooperation coexist in the new world economy.One major consequence of globalization is greater mobility in international capital and labor markets. This creates a global marketplace where at that place is more opportunity, because there are more potential customers. However, there is also more competition, as local companies have to compete with foreign companies for customers. According to Dani Rodrik, professor of international governmental economy at Harvards Kennedy School of Government, the processes associated with the global integration of markets for goods, services, and capital have created two sources of tensions. 1 First, reduced barriers to trade and investment accentuate the asymmetries among groups that can cross international borders, and those that cannot. In the first category are owners of capital, highly dexterous workers, and many professionals. Unskilled and semiskilled workers and most middle managers belong in the instant category. 1 Second, globalization engenders conflicts within and amidst nations over domestic norms and the societal institutions that embody them.As the technology for manufactured goods becomes standardized and diffused internationally, nations with very different sets of values, norms, institutions, and collective preferences set out to compete head on in markets for similar goods. Trade becomes contentious when it unleashes forces that undermine the norms implicit in local or domestic workplace practices. 1 prof Rodrik concluded that the most serious challenge for the world economy in the years ahead lies in making globalization compatible with domestic social and political stability (Rodrik 1997, p. 2).This implies ensuring that international economic integration does not lead to domestic social disintegration. Organizat ions that are confronted with this challenge will have to manage the tension created by the global integration versus local disintegration dilemma. The overall picture as a consequence of globalization is one of turbulence and uncertainty, in which a variety of contradictory processes present a wide range of both opportunities and threats that defy established ways of doing business and working in organizations. Integration and exception coexist uneasily side-by-side in organizations.For example, many apparent dichotomies or paradoxescompetitions versus collaboration, market forces versus state intervention, global actions versus local solutionsare losing their sharp edges as contradictory forces bug out to converge and reinforce all(prenominal) other in organizations across the globe. Companies that compete fiercely in some markets form strategic alliances in others government focal point and regulation are required to extend to markets work effectively and think globally, act locally has been adopted as business strategy (or as a mantra) to deal with the challenges of doing business in the globalize economy.As organizations transform themselves to stay competitive, they will need to confront and resolve some, if not all, of these dichotomies or paradoxes. 1 On another level, because of globalization, the fates of people living and working in different parts of the world are becoming intertwined. Global events may have significant local impact. September 11, 2001 has been called the mean solar day that changed the world. Heightened security concerns are changing expectations for people in organizations, and the role of organizations themselves.The threat of terrorism continues to be an ongoing concern worldwide. It has created a renewed commission on workplace security as employees experience a heightened sense of vulnerability in the workplace. Employee monitoring and screening are occurring more frequently. Concern over travel for business purposes i s resulting in the increased use of alternate forms of communication such as teleconferencing and videoconferencing. 1 DIVERSITY Globalization is impacting how organizations compete with each other.In compounding with changing demographics, globalization is causing a rapid increase in diversity in organizations. Never before have people been required to work together with colleagues and customers from so many different cultures and countries. Diversity is moving American society away from mass society to Mosaic society. Organizations reflect this mosaic society in their more diverse workforce (in terms of not only race, ethnic or culture but also in terms of age, sexual orientation, and other demographic variables).More than ever, people have to interact and communicate with others who come from diverse backgrounds. This in turn has meant that employees need new relational skills to succeed. An emerging stream of research in international management has called these new relational skills cultural intelligence. Cultural intelligence is defined as the capability to adapt effectively across different national, organizational and professional cultures (Earley, Ang and Tan, 2005). More managers take up global work assignments in industries around the world.They learn how to work with people who not only think and communicate differently but also do things differently. Managers will need to develop their cultural intelligence to manage greater diversity in organizations. 1 Diversity in organizations will continue to increase. The world population is growing at a high rate in developing countries, while remaining stable or decreasing in the developed world. The result will be income inequities and economic opportunity leading to increased in-migration and migration within and between nations.More temporary workers will be used for specific tasks, and there will be a greater demand for highly skilled workers. People of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds poss ess different attitudes, values, and norms. Increasing cultural diversity in both public and private sector organizations focuses oversight on the distinctions between ethnic and cultural groups in their attitudes and performance at work. This greater focus can result in the tension between conclusion similarities and accentuating differences in the face of greater diversity in organizations.There is an on-going debate between the heterogenists and the homogenists concerning the impact of greater diversity in organizations. The heterogenists contend that diverse or obscure groups in organizations have performance advantages over homogeneous groups while the homogenists take the opposing viewthat homogeneous groups are more advantageous than heterogeneous or diverse groups in organizations. 2 According to the heterogenists, organizations with greater diversity have an advantage in attracting and retaining the best available human talent.The exceptional capabilities of women and mi norities offer a abundant labor pool for organizations to tap. When organizations attract, retain, and promote maximum utilization of people from diverse cultural backgrounds, they gain competitive advantage and sustain the highest quality of human resources. 2 Organizations with greater diversity can understand and penetrate wider and enhanced markets. Not only do these organizations embrace a diverse workforce internally, they are better desirable to serve a diverse external clientele.Organizations with greater diversity also display higher creativity and innovation. Especially in research-oriented and high technology organizations, the troops of talents provided by a gender- and ethnic-diverse organization becomes invaluable. Heterogeneous or diverse groups display better problem solving ability as they are more receptive of avoiding the consequences of groupthink, compared to highly cohesive and homogeneous groups that are more susceptible to conformity. 2 On the other hand, greater organizational diversity has its drawbacks.With the benefits of diversity come organizational costs. too much diversity can lead to dysfunctional outcomes. Diversity increases ambiguity, complexity, and confusion. Organizations with greater diversity may have difficulty reaching consensus and implementing solutions. In many organizations, diversity can produce detrimental dynamics such as ethnocentrism, stereotyping and cultural clashes. 2 The homogenists argue that homogeneous groups often outperform culturally diverse groups, especially where there is a serious communication problem.Cross-cultural training is necessary to enable culturally diverse groups to live up to their potential and overcome communication difficulties. The diversity movement, match to the homogenists, has the potential to polarize different social groups and harm productivity while breeding cynicism and resentment, heightening intergroup frictions and tensions, and lowering productivity, just the opposite of what managing diversity is intended to accomplish. 2 The challenge therefore is for management to manage the tension produced by heterogeneity versus homogeneity. If properly managed, organizations can reap the benefits of greater diversity. Aside from proper management, organizations need to learn to pry and value diversity before the benefits of diversity can be fully realized. To achieve this, diversity training programs may help people in organizations understand and value diversity. FLEXIBILITY Globalization and diversity trends are forcing organizations to become more flexible and adaptable.To be able to function globally and to embrace diversity, leaders and employees in organizations have to become more flexible and develop a wider repertoire of skills and strategies in working with diverse groups of people in the workplace as well as in the marketplace. The response to increased diversity has, in many cases, been increased organizational flexibility. Some organ izations allow workers to have very different work arrangements (e. g. flex-time) and payment schedules. Some organizations (and workers) have found it convenient to treat some workers as independent consultants rather than employees.In certain occupations, advances in communication and information technologies have enabled telecommuting working at home via computer. One consequence of this is the blurring of boundaries between work and home, and where and when work occurs. The benefits of greater flexibility may be countered by the negative consequences of working 24/7 including higher stress and burnout. The response to increased competition, however, has resulted in a tension generated by the demands to be flexible and yet hold some stability as changes are implemented in organizations.To stay competitive, organizations are constantly changing and restructuring to increase flexibility and decrease costs. Business process reengineering, business process out-sourcing, job redesign , and other approaches to optimize business processes have been implemented to increase operational and process efficiency while reducing the costs of doing business. Changes in business and operational processes need time to stabilize for employees to learn the new processes, become familiar with them, and be able to operate effectively and efficiently.Yet, competitive pressures can cause organizations to go through a series of changes without giving employees adequate time for learning and training, and for the benefits of the change to be fully realized in the organization. FLAT In a greater competitive marketplace, speed or response time is small. How organizations response to customers and other stakeholders or be the first to market may make a significant difference as time is at a premium. Organizations that can develop new technologies faster or can adapt to changes in the market faster are the ones that will survive the competition.To maximize response time, organizations have been flattening their hierarchies and structures, in addition to other initiatives such as downsizing and networking. Flat organizations make decisions more quickly because each person is closer to the ultimate decision-makers. There are fewer levels of management, and workers are empowered to make decisions. Decision-making becomes decentralise. However, flat organizations create a new tension between decentralization and centralization. Among the drivers of decentralization are communications technologies that allow companies to push decision-making away from the core.Proponents of decentralization try the idea that less hierarchical organizations mirror the efficiencies of the networks that enable them they are faster, more resilient, more responsive, more flexible and more innovative. Also, they argue, people who work within decentralized organizations feel empowered and energized. They do not need to focus on the chain of command and they do not feel constrained by it. O rganizations are caught between the opposing forces of centralization and decentralization.They want to leverage the opportunities offered by decentralization and create more nimble and forceful organizations, but they cannot always do so because the forces of centralization come into play. There are obvious benefits to centralization as control is comparatively tighter and accountability is clearer compared to a flatter, more decentralized organizational structure. burgeon forth the example of IT operations. The key to a centralized organizations success is its responsiveness. If the centralized operation can be responsive to the needs of the business, therefore that approach can make sense.Several companies, such as DaimlerChrysler and PepsiCo, have migrated back to centralizing IT operations after attempts at decentralization. 3 The debate over the centralization versus decentralization of operations in organizations is an tolerate one. It is an age-old battle of standardizati on versus autonomy, corporate efficiency versus local effectiveness and pressure on costs and resources versus accommodation of specific local needs. 4 Vacillation between centralization and decentralization is both non-productive and unnecessary.Organizations, as they desire to become flatter, will need to be clear about how they need to respond to the tension between centralization and decentralization. 4 NETWORKS Organizations that flatten tend to encourage horizontal communication among workers. Rather than working through the organizational hierarchy, it is often faster for workers who need to coordinate with each other simply to communicate directly. Such organizations are highly networked. Another meaning of networked organizations refers to their relations to other organizations.Organizations that have downsized to just their core competencies must then outsource all the functions that used to be done in-house. To avoid losing time and effort managing contracts with supplier s, organizations have learned to develop close ties to their suppliers so that social mechanisms of coordination interchange legal mechanisms, which are slow and costly. Networked organizations are particularly important in industries with complex products where technologies and customer needs change rapidly, such as in high technology industries.Close ties among a set of companies enables them to work with each other in ways that are faster than arms-length contracts would permit, and yet retains the flexibility of being able to settle the relationship if needed (as opposed to performing the function in-house). The trend towards networked organizations and structures create a new tension between interdependence and independence. The forces of aggregation and disaggregation throw up new challenges for organizations, for example, the use of independent contractors, joint ventures, strategic partnerships and alliances even with competitors. 1 One advantage of networks is that organi zations have greater flexibility and thus they can become more competitive in the global marketplace. Another advantage is that organizations do not require that many resources such as employee benefits, office space, and financing for new business ventures. 1 On the other hand, networks have distinct disadvantages. Organizations may find it more difficult to control quality of goods or services as they now have to depend on their partners in the networks to deliver the quality that is desired.Legal and contracting expertise as well as negotiation expertise will also be important for networks. Alternative forms of control may need to be developed to control quality. Alternative mechanisms for coordination may also need to be developed to manage the growing constellation and sometimes tenuous nature of other partner organizations in the network. 1 CONCLUSION All the five trends Globalization, Diversity, Flexibility, Flat, and Network and the tensions they produce result in greater o rganizational or system complexity for both leaders and employees in organizations. The tensions produced by these trends cannot be solved.They have to be managed. Effective approaches in organizational change will involve not one strategy but many alternatives and will require leaders and employees to develop greater resilience in confronting these tensions. ChangeTrends and Tensions in Organizations Trends Tensions 1. Globalization Global versus Local 2. Diversity Heterogeneity versus Homogeneity 3.Flexibility Flexibility versus Stability 4. Flat Centralization versus Decentralization 5. Networks Interdependence versus independency Planning and managing change, both cultural and technological, is one of the most challenging elements of a leader in an organization. Obviously, the more a leader can plan in anticipation of a change, the better he/she serves her subordinates or employees and the organization.Diagnosing the causes of change and structuring a program to promote a smooth transition to the new process, structure, and so on, is critical to the leader as well as the managements success.BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 -No Author Trends in Organizational Change. Available at http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/management/Tr-Z/Trends-in-Organizational-Change. html

A Supposedly Fun Thing ill Never Do Again

A purportedly Fun Thing ill Never Do Again 39 NarIna-Karapetyan For most bulk still the idea Of world able to relax and fin eachy go on a vacation is excite but for David Wallace being pampered seems unpleasant and he whole steps uncomfortable soundting too comfortable. He receives Stress from mollycoddle and a weird kind Of pampering-paranoia. throughout the Whole essay Wallace iS in truth critical and judgmental non only Of the cruise, but Of its staff, and passengers as well. TO express himself in his writing, he uses a smokestack Of repetition and metaphors to get his point across to the lectors. ile this descriptive essay is humorous and an favorable read due to the language, it is also very detailed and a little too verbose for my liking. on angiotensin converting enzyme side this creates Imagery and makes the readers feel resembling they are on the cruise with David, but its this same thing Tat also makes It draining to read. There is a lot going and most of the time the big details of little things like the deck chairs or the Inside of his bathroom are trivial to his overall experience. What seems like his pointless rambling, makes the reader doze off and rick disinterested. And just in case we didnt know nough already.Wallace includes lengthy footnotes that elaborate steady further. Wallace never in truth states that he isnt enjoying the cruise. but through his language we can make this implication. necessitate seen a lot of really big white ships.. l have seen camcorders that practically required a dolly l have seen a toupee on a thirteen year old boy. (257). He goes on like this for almost a whole page, describing what would seem like interesting experiences but by face Is this enough? he shows us that he is annoyed with everything he has encountered,He compares the hip to many things. ut one that found to be most shocking is his comparison to the holocaust, its unwitting echo of the Auschwitz-embarkation scene in Schindlers In spite of all this, he is still able to see the natural beauty of his environs compared to the artificial beauty of the cruise ship. One Of the themes in this essay iS being an Outsider, in many David Wallace doesnt travel on this cruise ship and iS on the outside feel in. He iS one Of two multitude Who iS alone on the ship, the only one Without a camera, and different most eople relaxing isnt the purpose Of his trip.He describes himself as an agoraphobe and spends most of the time in his cabin. believe Wallaces fear is keeping him from truly letting go and enjoying himself and that is the main(prenominal) reason to why his opinion of his experience can sound contradicting at times. By Narina-Karapetyan For most people even the idea of being able to relax and finally go on a vacation is uncomfortable getting too comfortable. He receives stress from pampering and a weird kind of pampering-paranoia. Throughout the whole essay Wallace is very ritical and Judgmental not only of th e cruise, but of its staff, and passengers as well.To express himself in his writing, he uses a lot of repetition and metaphors to get his While this descriptive essay is humorous and an easy read due to the language, it is also very detailed and a little too verbose for my liking. On one side this creates imagery and makes the readers feel like they are on the cruise with David, but its this same thing that also makes it exhausting to read. There is a lot going and most of the time the extensive details of little things like the deck chairs or the inside of his akes the reader doze off and become disinterested.And Just in case we didnt know enough already, Wallace includes lengthy footnotes that elaborate even further. Wallace never actually states that he isnt enjoying the cruise, but through his language we can make this implication. l have seen a lot of really big white ships.. I have seen camcorders that practically required a dolly have seen a toupee on a what would seem like interesting experiences but by saying Is this enough? he shows us that he is annoyed with everything he has encountered.He compares the hip to many things, but one that I found to be most shocking is his comparison to Schindlers List(270). In spite of all this, he is still able to see the natural beauty of his One of the themes in this essay is being an outsider, in many ways David Wallace doesnt belong on this cruise ship and is on the outside looking in. He is one of two people who is alone on the ship, the only one without a camera, and unlike most people relaxing isnt the purpose of his trip. He describes himself as an agoraphobe and spends most of the time in his cabin. I believe Wallaces fear is keeping him from

Essay Teachers and Weapons in School Essay

glom In this paper, I allow for explore the controversial question of whether teachers should be stick outed or required to melt d admit ordnances on school campuses. The question of whether the topic should be entertained has come up time and once again after tragedies occur, the timeline of which will be summarized herein. The late(a) tragedy at sandlike Hook dewy-eyed nurture in crude town, Connecticut, that devastated the nation on declination 14, 2012, has wrenched this debate crudely back into the spotlight.I will analyse different types of protective instruments that could possibly be used, as head as what types argon used in schools that sacrifice much(prenominal) regulations. I will delve into the reasoning behind states that endure implemented laws that all(a)ow teachers to carry subs in school and/or at school events. Included within argon excerpts from this generators first-person interview conducted with Maria Otero-Ball, a kindergarten teacher in Albuq uerque, New Mexico. As a teacher of children the same age as those involved in the Newtown tragedy, Mrs.Otero-Ball slayers a first-hand view on the changes that she and the school rescue make following the tragedy, as closely as her views on the practicality of weapons in the school. My goals in preparing this paper are to expand my persuasions on the quash, peruse the thoughts of others, and explore the statistics to provide a better overall understanding of the subject matter to myself and to my readers. During the research process, I found that a compromise on the types of weapons teachers should be accommodateed to carry would be the best option from my point of view.Keywords teachers, weapons, school, tragedy, children Screams of terror, cries of anguish, tears of sorrow, heartbreaking agony the nation bore witness to all of these and more as the first responders struggled to make sense of the scene that unfolded at Sandy Hook Elementary give instruction on that fateful day of declination 14th, 2012 in Newtown, Connecticut (Ardillas, 2012). Many families had their hearts rupture apart during the rampage of that l genius hero sandwichman as he unleashed his rage on teachers and young scholarly persons who were merely beginning their lifes journey.Amidst the suffering and the grieving for the departed, the question was once again raised Should the teachers aerated with protecting our children be equipped with weapons to allow them to do so in a scene of abuse much(prenominal)(prenominal) as this? But I dont think the questions should end on that point. More importantly, would arming teachers be safe for the children and the teachers? Are in that location other options that may be more appropriate that should be considered?Allowing teachers to carry weapons could go a long way towards qualification our schools more secure, but realistically non-lethal weapons would be the safer, more manageable solution in making our schools the haven the c ommunity deserves them to be. The tragedy at Sandy Hook Elementary, though undeniably one of the most horrendous of its kind and categorically the most recent of such magnitude, is preceded by numerous similar incidents throughout the United States over the course of studys recorded as far back as 1927.On whitethorn 18th of this year, a farmer named Andrew Kehoe set off two explosions at Bath Consolidated checkhouse in Bath, Michigan, sidesplitting himself, six adults and 38 children. In Houston, Texas on September 15th, 1959, convict Paul Orgeron exploded a suitcase of dynamite on a playground at Edgar Allen Poe Elementary killing himself, two adults and three children. On October 5th, 1966, 15-year-old David Black hurt other student before killing teacher, Forrest Willey, at Grand Rapids heights groom in Grand Rapids, Michigan.On November 12th, 1966, in Mesa, Arizona, 18-year-old student, Robert Smith, killed five pile at a local beauty college. In Olean, New York, at Ole an High enlighten on December 30th, 1974, honors student Anthony Barbaro killed a school janitor and two innocent bystanders and because killed himself while awaiting trial. 16-year-old Stephen Goods was hit and killed by a stray bullet fired during a fight amongst two schoolmates on March 18th, 1975, at Sumner High coach in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1978 on February 22nd, 15-year-old Roger Needham killed another(prenominal) student who had bullied him at Everett High School in Lansing, Michigan.During class on whitethorn 18th, 1978, at Murchison junior High School in Austin, Texas, 13-year-old John Christian gingersnap and killed his English teacher Wilbur Grayson. In San Diego, California, on January 29th, 1979, at Grover Cleveland Elementary, 16-year-old Brenda Spencer opened fire on a school across from her home, killing the principal and janitor. (CNN U. S. , 2012) In the 80s, uncivilised episodes in schools increased to nearly one incident per year beginning with 17-year -old regurgitate Lizzotte shooting andkilling her teacher Clarence Piggott during class at Valley High School in Las Vegas, Nevada, on March 19th, 1982.On January 20th, 1983, an unnamed student slash and killed another student before turning the gas pedal on himself. On February 24th, 1984, at 49th Street School in Los Angeles, California, sniper Tyrone Mitchell began firing on children on the playground, killing one, injuring 11 and later(prenominal) taking his own life. In Goddard, Kansas, at Goddard Junior High on January 21st, 1985, 14-year-old pile Kearbey shot and killed Principal Jim McGee.David and Doris progeny, a couple in their 40s, took over Cokeville Elementary School with a bomb, holding 150 children and adults hostage and demanding $300 million in ransom in Cokeville, uppercase, on May 16th, 1986. The bomb accidentally detonated causing a fire during which 74 people were injured and David Young shot his wife and then himself. The same year on December 6th, 14-y ear-old Kristofer Hans shot and killed his substitute teacher, Henrietta Smith, at Fergus High School in Lewistown, Montana.In Dekalb, Missouri, at Dekalb High School on March 2nd, 1987, 12-year-old Nathan Faris shot 13-year-old Timothy Perrin and then took his own life. February 11th, 1988, Pinellas Park High School, Largo, Florida two 15-year-olds with stolen weapons, Jason McCoy and Jason Harless, shot and killed Asst. Principal Richard Allen. At Hubbard woods Elementary School in Winnetka, Illinois, on May 20th, 1988, 30-year-old Laurie Dann killed an 8-year-old boy and injured six other people before taking her own life.Copying the Winnetka, Illinois withdraw, 19-year-old James Wilson killed 8-year-olds Tequila Thomas and Shequila Bradley in the school cafeteria of Oakland Elementary School in Greenwood, South Carolina on September 26th, 1988. The worst year for school killings yet, 1988 comes to a close with the poop incident on December 16th at Atlantic Shores Christian Sc hool in Virginia Beach, Virginia, during which 16-year-old Nicholas Elliott shot and killed teacher Karen Farley.Concluding the decades violence, a brief month later on January 17th, 1989, 24-year-old floating policy Patrick Purdy used an AK-47 to kill five children on a playground at Cleveland Elementary School in Stockton, California before killing himself. (CNN U. S. , 2012) The momentum from the latter part of the 80s decade did not lose velocity as the 90s moved forward with a manifold of violent incidents every year succeeding the first episode on November 25th, 1991 at Thomas Jefferson High School in Brooklyn, New York, when 14-year-old Jason.Bently shot a gun during an argument with two other teens, the stray bullet killing a 16-year-old student who was not even involved in the altercation. Thomas Jefferson High School was revisited by the sickness on February 26th, 1992, as 15-year-old Kahlil Sumpter shot and killed two other students. On May 1st, 1992, at Lindhurst High S chool in Olivehurst, California, 20-year-old dropout Eric Houston returned to school to kill a former teacher and three students. Without ado, 1993 started off with a bang on January 18th when 17-year-old Scott Pennington shot and killed a teacher and a steward at East Carter High School in Grayson, Kentucky.Three months later on April 12th, 16-year-old Jason Robinson was stabbed to shoemakers last in his Social Studies class by three teenage attackers at Dartmouth High School in Dartmouth, Massachusetts. nevertheless 3 days had passed when, on April 15th, 44-year-old David Taber invaded Ford Middle School in Acushnet, Massachusetts, taking three hostages and later killing school nurse Carol Day. Pennsburg, Pennsylvania suffered a visit from the beast on May 24th, 1993, as 15-year-old Jason Smith, a student of Upper Perkiomen High School, killed another student who had bullied him.The fifth assault of 1993 ensued on December 21st at Wauwatosa West High School in Wauwatosa, Wiscon sin when 21-year-old former student Leonard McDowell returned to his proud school killing Asst. Principal Dale Breitlow. February 1994 did not start off well at Valley work out Jr. High School in Simi Valley, California on the 1st day of the month, 13-year-old Philip Hernandez stabbed a 14-year-old student to death in the hallway. April 12th of the same year was no better in Butte, Montana, when 10-year-old Jason Osmanson shot and killed an 11-year-old classmate on the playground.The ominous cloud passed over Wickliffe Middle School in Wickliffe, Ohio, on November 7th, 1994, as 37-year-old spots Keith Ledeger shot and killed school custodian Peter Christopher and injured three others. On October 12th, 1995, at Blackville-Hilda High School of Blackville, South Carolina, 15-year-old Toby Sincino killed a teacher and then himself. The 15th of November, 1995, 17-year-old Jaime Rouse killed a business teacher and a 16-year-old student at Richland High School in Lynnville, Tennessee.At Winston Education Center in Washington, DC, 14-year-old Damion Blocker encountered two masked gunmen in the stairwell where he was shot and killed by 16-year-old Darrick Evans on January 19th, 1996. In Moses Lake, Washington, at Frontier Jr. High School on February 2nd, 1996, 14-year-old Barry Loukaitis killed two students and a teacher with a rifle. 1997 apothegm three violent incidents on February 19th in Alaska, October 1st in Mississippi, and December 1st Kentucky with a combined death toll of 8, including a parent, a principal, and six students.Three episodes in 1998 in atomic number 18 on March 24th, Pennsylvania on April 24th, and Oregon on May 21st claimed the lives of 10 more. Littleton, conscientious objector was devastated on April 21st, 1999, when 18-year-old Eric Harris and 17-year-old Dylan Klebold murdered 12 students and one teacher before committing suicide in the library of aquilege High School. The final wreckage of 1999 came to pass on November 19th at Demin g Middle School in Deming, New Mexico when 12-year-old Victor Cordova shot and killed a 13-year-old classmate. (CNN U. S., 2012).The first scene of 2000 unfurled with the youngest offender to date, a 6-year-old boy, who shot and killed a 6-year-old daughter at Buell Elementary in Mt. Morris Township, Michigan on February 29th. On May 26th of the same year in Lake outlay, Florida, 13-year-old Nathaniel Brazill returned to school after being sent home for misbehaving to shoot and kill his teacher, Barry Grunow, at Lake Worth Community Middle School. At Santana High School in Santee, California, on March 5th, 2001, 15-year-old Charles Andy Williams killed two classmates and injured 13.The last upset until 2003 transpired on December 5th, 2001, at Springfield High in Springfield, Massachusetts when riotous teen Corey Ramos stabbed Reverend Theodore Brown, a counselor at the school, to death. 2003 saw two tragedies on April 24th at Red Lion Area Jr. High School in Red Lion, Pennsylvan ia when 14-year-old James Sheets shot his principal, Eugene Segro, and then himself, and on September 24th in Cold Spring, Minnesota, at Rocori High School, where 15-year-old Jason McLaughlin killed one student and critically injured another who died in October.The sole incident in 2004 potty on February 3rd at Southwood Middle School in Palmetto Bay, Florida, involving 14-year-old Michael Hernandez who slashed the throat of 14-year-old Jaime Rodrigo Gough. 16-year-old Jeff Weise perpetrated a multiple murder in Red Lake, Minnesota, beginning with the murder of his grandfather and another adult followed by killing iv fellow students at Red Lake High School, a teacher, a security guard and finally himself on March 21st, 2005.In Jacksboro, Tennessee, Campbell County Comprehensive High School felt the sting of madness on November 8th, 2005, as a 15-year-old student opened fire on a principal andtwo assistant principals, killing one and critically knifelike another.Three vicious epis odes rocked 2006 two dead in a atomic number 27 graduate(prenominal) school shooting on September 27th, one dead in a high school shooting in Wisconsin on September 29th, and six dead, six wounded in a Pennsylvania Amish school on October 2nd. The singular attack in 2007 befell Henry Foss High School of Tacoma, Washington on January 3rd, culminating with 18-year-old Douglas Chantabouly fatally shooting 17-year-old Samnang Kok.2008s lone incident was a shooting at key High School in Knoxville, Tennessee, leaving one dead. 2009 witnessed three brutalities in rapid succession commencing on September 15th at a Florida high school leaving one fatally stabbed, dim on September 23rd at a Texas high school where a teacher was stabbed and killed and the settlement fatality on October 16th at a South Carolina high school where a jurisprudence officer shot and killed a student after the student had stabbed the officer.One confrontation on February 5th, 2010, at an Alabama middle school r esulted in a 14-year-old with a fatal shot to the head and a conflict on January 5th, 2011, at a Nebraska high school bringing about the death of a vice principal and the suicide of the shooter. Prior to the Sandy Hook horror in December of 2012, an attack occurred on February 27th at Chardon High School in Chardon, Ohio, killing three and wounding four others (Timeline School violence in the US, CNN U.S. , 2012).2013 has already suffered the first school assault at Taft High School in Taft, California leaving one student in a coma and competitiveness for his life (Simmons, 2012). Following the Newtown tragedy of Sandy Hook, several(prenominal) state lawmakers have begun the process of introducing legislation to allow teachers to bear arms. These states take Florida, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota and Tennessee.Oklahoma State Representative Mark McCullough is quoted as saying We cannot act to be shackled by politically correct, reflexive, anti-gun sentiment in the face of the obvious our schools are low-key targets. It is incredibly irresponsible to leave our schools undefended to allow mad men to kill dozens of innocents when we have a very simple solution available to us to prevent it. Ive been considering this proposal for a long time. In light of the savagery on display in Connecticut, I believe its an idea whose time has come.(Celock, 2012, para. 3) While these states are only beginning their journey to allow teachers to bear arms, there are places where such laws already exist. In Indiana, state law makes schools gun-free zones, but exempts employees or others authorized by a school to act as a security guard, perform or participate in a school function, or participate in any other activity authorized by a school (Wilson, 2012, para. 2). Harrold, a small Texas town, allows teachers and school officials to carry concealed weapons on school grounds.This was unanimously voted upon by the school calling card in 2007, requiring only that any school employee who plans to carry a weapon obtain first a state concealed-weapons permit, and then be approved by the school board to carry concealed weapons on campus. (Brown, 2012) While allowing teachers to carry guns may seem an obvious solution to many, there are those who favor other approaches to making our schools safer. Maria Otero-Ball is a kindergarten teacher in my hometown of Albuquerque, New Mexico. cosmos a teacher of five and six year-old students, the Sandy Hook Elementary School tragedy struck a very personal chord with Mrs. Otero-Ball. Following the horrific event, Mrs. Otero-Ball made the changes that she was able to on her own to make her classroom safer she cleared out her tag on closet to enable her to hide students in such an event, put in place a classroom emergency procedure for use in alinement with the schools emergency procedure and she now runs a drill at least hebdomadally to ensure her students know what to do in case of an attack such as the one in Newtown, Connecticut.Even so, she knows that these are small changes whose chances of effectiveness are uncertain at best. Mrs. Otero-Ball has another idea that she will be proposing in the next school board meeting. Her idea is for teachers to be issued and trained on non-lethal weapons such as bedaze guns, tasers, tranquilliser darts, and/or zest scatter. Mrs. Otero-Balls stance is, I believe that we the teachers would have a much better chance of immobilizing a perpetrator if armed with something like this stun guns, tasers, tranquilizer darts, and/or capsicum pepper plant spray. (Interview Maria Otero-Ball, 2012) Non-lethal weapons are intended to cause pain and/or physically disable an adversary with a minimal risk of serious or permanent injury. The available types of non-lethal weapons include pepper spray, which comes in a compact cylinder and emits a pepper based, oleo resin spray that has the competency to incapacitate an attacker regardless of size and/or stren gth. Pepper spray is most effective in close range encounters and do not require accurate aim nor much training. Pepper spray is widely used by the general public and would not require legislationto be allowed in schools.Tasers are one of the more painful non-lethal weapons and work by shooting small electrodes which penetrate the attackers habiliment and skin. These electrodes are connected to a wire which conducts a strong electrical current and incapacitates offenders for up to 10 minutes. Tasers are good for distance use and the incapacitation time of the offender would allow time for the victims to take get wind of the situation, remove themselves to a safer location and contact law enforcement. Stun guns work on the same underlying premise as tasers, but are a hand held, close range weapon.Stun guns could be very effective if one was able to surprise the victim from behind and take them down with a shock to the back of the neck. Both tasers and stun guns would require more training for use as well as for safety of the handler. One could expect legislature would be required to allow these in schools and supply sufficient training for the teachers designated for their use. Tranquilizer darts are best known for their use on wildlife such as bears, but can be modified for use on humans by utilizing a smaller dart and lower dosage of sedative, anesthetic or paralytic agent.The drawbacks with the use of tranquilizer guns include a delay between the time the dart connects and the incapacitation of the attacker and a danger of the offender death if not monitored closely. (Admin unspoilt be Safe, 2011) Based on the research of the benefits and drawbacks of these non-lethal options, a combination of availability of pepper spray, stun guns and tasers for teachers and training on their use and handling would be most beneficial in a situation involving a single or multiple assailant(s).After being faced with a monstrous scene such as that which was encountered in Newtown at Sandy Hook Elementary School, it may well be the gut reaction of the general public to shout, Arm our teachers In fact, since I have begun this paper, several more schools have begun legislation, voted to allow teachers to carry concealed weapons and even purchased weapons for the exclusive use of the school. However, if more thought is given to the implications of arming teachers with guns, one must see that this could prove more dangerous than helpful if the gun were to be appropriated by the wrongdoer.Another thought that had not been considered during my research was brought to light by The Ed argue on January 10, 2013 many parents do not con through with(p) teachers having guns, concealed or otherwise, near their children (The Ed Show, 2013). With straight-laced training on non-lethal weapons such as stun guns, tasers, and pepper spray, teachers would be able to defend our youthfulness without the fear of having to kill or having a murderous weapon wrested fro m them while attempting to defend those they strive to protect. The facts are painfully evident 1.Violence in school has escalated over the years and something must be done to protect the students and faculty. 2. The death toll relating to school violence is much too high for comfort. 3. Regulating gun laws will not prevent guns from being in circulation. 4. There are many drawbacks to allowing teachers to have admission fee to guns in schools including fear of the gun falling into the wrong hands, discomfort of the parents knowing there are guns in the schools and what the shooter would have to deal with if they were to kill someone.5. Conceivably, non-lethal weapons would be the safer, more manageable solution in making our schools the haven the community deserves them to be. In light of all of the evidence, it is apparent that a compromise could be made to keep our schools safe by giving the teachers the tools they need and still keep guns out of our schools, thus comforting go vernment, parents, teachers, students and families alike.This could be achieved by introducing a comprehensive plan to supply all teachers with pepper spray, select teachers with Tasers and stun guns and providing the training the teachers need to successfully use these defenses during an attack. References Admin (2011, June 5). Tasers, stun guns & pepper spray Non-lethal self defense weapons Just B Safe. Just B Safe. Retrieved December 15, 2012, from http//www. justbsafe. com/? p=84 Aradillas, E. , Baker, K. C. , Billups, A. , Breuer, H. , Dennis, A. , Weisensee Egan, N. , . . . Zuckermann, S. (2012, December).Tragedy in new town Remember forever. People, 78(27), 52-59. Brown, A. (2012, December 20). Texas town allows teachers to carry concealed guns. Breaking word and Opinion on The Huffington Post. Retrieved December 24, 2012, from http//www. huffingtonpost. com/huff-wires/20121220/us-gun-toting-teachers/? utm_hp_ref=green&ir=green Celock, J. (2012, December 18). Guns for teach ers legislation on the rise in states. Breaking News and Opinion on The Huffington Post. Retrieved December 22, 2012, from http//www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/12/18/guns-for-teachers_n_2324095. html.